George Bush :: essays research papers

GEORGE BUSH&9The votes were in the election was over. On the 20th of January 1989, Republican George Herbert Walker Bush became the forty-first chairperson of the United States. After share two previous terms as Ronald Reagans Vice President, he defeated Governor of Massachusetts Michael S. Dukakis to earn his new title. Bush had become President at a time when many Americans were uncertain about their countrys future. The federal government was intensely in debt out-of-pocket to prior years of budget deficits. Imported foods were to a greater extent valuable then exports which questioned the United States economic standing. Foreign policy was also a topic well discussed by Americans. Bush seemed to be doing a right(a) job with it wholly and in the midst of his presidency a second term seemed to be a sure thing for him. However, the 1992 election marked the decision of his reign he lost by a great margin to democrat William J. Clinton who may I add was ulterior impeached&9Geo rge Bush was born(p) on June 12, 1924, in Milton, Massachusetts to Prescott Sheldon Bush and Dorothy Walker Bush. Prescott Bush worked in an investing firm, but ended up moving his family to Connecticut where he later on developed a strong interest in politics which led to his position as Senator of Connecticut. Bush had three brothers and one sister who were all brought up strictly and well-mannered. He attended private Greenwich Day School and exclusive Phillips Academy where he was indeed popular. Along with his good grades, Bush was president of the senior class, captain of the baseball and soccer teams, and also played varsity basketball. After graduating prep school in 1942, his original plans of attending Yale University had been delayed due to the U.S. interest in World War II. He enlisted in the U.S. National Reserve where he received flight training and became the Navys youngest pilot. In 1942, he flew the U.S.S. San Jacinto in the Pacific Ocean where he took part in dang erous fighting. His plane was shot down, but luckily, unlike his two crew members, he was rescued by the U.S.S. Finback, a U.S. submarine. Bush was recognized for his brave, heroic efforts by receiving the Distinguished Flying Cross, and after recovery served at the Oceana Naval Air Station until the end of the war in August of 1945.&9Shortly before the end of the war, George Bush married Barbara Pierce, a lady he once met at a Christmas dance.

Structure and Development of The Australian Curriculum Essay -- Educat

The Australian Curriculum has been a long time coming, but its great that it is near here now. The Australian Curriculum has been intentional with some relation to Tyler and Skillbecks models. It is suspected that theorists such as Piaget were also considered during the development. The Australian Curriculum relates to Piagets stages of progression, with curriculum being designed for specific levels of maturation and development. With students of this generation, it was incredibly important that an updated, curriculum was to be designed so that it could facilitate the needs of the 21st century learners. This new generation of learners count to be almost born with basic computer skills, so the ICT program has been completely redeveloped. The curriculum has also expanded to make way for Asian studies which forget help students as they move into their careers. The Australian Curriculum has been developed to cover a broad range of topics, concerns and set that go forth be discussed throughout this paper.The Australian Curriculum is organised in a few different ways. There are two main design elements, Curriculum content (what the teacher is to teach) and operation standards (what the student is to learn). There is also Reporting Framework which incorporates elements of both areas. These elements were designed to provide guidelines as to what would be included in the Australian Curriculum. The Curriculum message is organised into categories (strands), and are presented with descriptions to report and describe what is to be taught at each year level. Together, these descriptions form the scope and sequence across all covered historic period of schooling (Foundation to Year Ten). The areas of study covered in each year build upon the previou... ...ost-school lives. The Australian Curriculum prepares students for their roles in a family and for a career that will have the use of computers at least in some parts of the business. The Australian Curriculum prepa res students for the world that they will have to face confidently, and living with their morals, values and knowledge of who they really are.ReferencesACARA. (2010). The Shape of the Australian Curriculum Document V2.0. Retrieved from http//www.acara.edu.au/verve/_resources/Shape_of_the_Australian_Curriculum.pdfMarsh, C. (2010). Becoming a teacher Knowledge, skills and issues. 5th Ed. Frenchs Forest, NSW Pearson.Brady, L., Kennedy, K. (2010). Curriculum Construction. 4th Ed. Frenchs Forest, NSW Pearson.Wilson, L. (2005). Leslie Owen Wilsons Curriculum Index. Retrieved from http//www.uwsp.edu/ procreation/lwilson/curric/curtyp.htm

Family Structure in the UK Essays -- Social Science, Family Life, Brit

As family structure has changed in the UK, so child care arrangements have become more diverse and complex. What are the implications of these changes for children?Introduction In the last 50 years or so, family life has changed becoming more diverse and complex, which has been the source of research by social scientists especially the effects of divide on children. Marriage is no longer an institution that couples need to suffer if times are difficult, divorce is easier and cohabitation is more morally acceptable. The ideology of the nuclear family whilst not outdated is not the only type of family in which to raise children. The modern more complex family arrangements include step families, lone parents, step sibling relationships and shared out care arrangements, which are the subject of more recent research. For the purpose of this study it will focus on the research relating to divorce and the new arrangements for children.One psychological study reported divorce as patho logical possibly in the early days using moral judgements to imply that divorce is bad for children. They looking at that their childhood has been lost forever. Divorce is a price they pay, as forfeit to their parents failures, jeopardizing their future lives (Wallerstein and Blakeslee, 1989, p. 43) More modern liberalised studies are comparing the break with the non-divorced children, to demonstrate that divorced families may have been labelled wrongly and in some cases may be a positive change. It is this more optimistic viewpoint which this research seeks to promote. literature reviewAs families are changing the ideological nuclear family which existed in the past is less common, and attitudes are changing (Kelly 2003, p 237). C... ...hood , 10, 131-146.Pryor, J., & Rodgers, B. (2001). Children in Changing Families emotional state After Parental Separation. Oxford Blackwell Publishers Ltd.Simpson, B. (1998). Changing Families An ethnographic approach to divorce and sep aration. Oxford Berg.Smart, C. (2003). Introduction New Perspectives on Childhood and Divorce. Childhood , 123-129.Smart, C., & May, V. (2007). The Parenting Contest Problems of Ongoing Conflict all over Children. In M. Maclean (Ed.), Parenting after Partnering, containing dispute after separation (pp. 65 - 80). Oxford Hart Publishing.Trinder, L. (2007). Dangerous Dads and Malicious Mothers The Relevance of Gender to Contact Disputes. In M. Maclean (Ed.), Parenting after Partnering, containing conflict after separation (pp. 81-94). Oxford Hart Publishing.Wallerstein, J. S., & Blakeslee, S. (1989). Second Chances. Reading Corgi.

Something to Sing About in Buffy the Vampire Slayer Essay -- Buffy the

Throughout much of recorded human history, people have scripted tales of the dead returning to life, usually to trouble the living in some way. These traditional myths have progressed from ancient superstitions, to campfire ghost stories, to television shows such as Joss Whedons Buffy the vampire Slayer. In the series, vampires are created from the dead victims of other vampires (as long as a certain rite is performed during the victims death). After a time they rise from their graves and without delay seek to kill and drink the blood of the living. Creatures such as these are, as Lacan give first name when you first mention someone describes them, between the two deaths and live once again only to fulfill insistent, mechanical drive. This drive, often centered on killing, vengeance, or some other quest for closure, is distinct from longing in that it is not caught up in dialectical trickery (Zizek 21). According to Zizek ditto, normal desires are not always what the y seem, for when we desire something, we may be seeking something else entirely (21). Most of the vampires in Buffy the Vampire Slayer fit Lacans profile of between the two deaths, and, as one might expect, they are antagonists to the protector of the living, Buffy. However, in the musical episode at once More, with Feeling, Whedon explores two protagonists who are also between the two deaths, each struggling to revert back to their prior state of being, but both in a different situation. One of these characters, Spike, once fit the archetype of the vampire, but now faces difficulty as he is forced to cope with normal dialectical desire in order to exist in the civilized, symbolic arena. The other, Buffy, fulfilled the death drive when she sa... ... her to be the Slayer. Her only chance to find motivation in the world is to find a new desire. Both characters approach the same center, but from different ends of the drive-symbol spectrum. Thus, Whedon not only makes use of the Lacanian between the two deaths concept, but he also plays with making it dynamic (Spike) and with inverting it (Buffy). Then, at the very end of the episode, the two experiments are united in an elegant closure. Sources Cited or Consulted Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Once More, with Feeling. Felluga, Dino. Modules on Lacan On Desire. Introductory Guide to Critical Theory. Date March 11, 2003. Purdue U. March 23, 2003. <http//www.purdue.edu/guidetotheory/psychoanalysis/lacandesire.html>. Zizek, Slavoj. Looking Awry An Introduction to Jacques Lacan through Popular Culture. Cambridge MIT P, 1991.

Discipleship :: Papers

Discipleship In this essay I am going to find out intimately saviour supporters, how he choose them, who they were, what sacrifices and what a disciples job is, in addition to this whether it is possible to be a disciple in the modern day. According to the Oxford Dictionary a disciple is a follower of a leader/teacher. The first four disciples that Jesus choose were Simon, Andrew, James and John. The story of Jesus picking them is in Mk 1 14-20. Jesus went to Galilee, proclaiming the good news of God The time has come he said, The Kingdom of God is near. Repent and believe the good news As Jesus walked beside the ocean of Galilee, proclaiming the good news of God, he saw Simon and his brother Andrew casting a net into the sea, as they were fishermen. Come follow me, Jesus said and I allow make you fishers of men. At once they left their nets and followed him. When he had gone a little farther, he saw James and his brother John in a boat, pre paring their nets. Without delay he called them, and they left their father Zebedee in the boat with the hired men and followed him. Another story that shows an example of Jesus appointing his disciples is shown in Mk 3 1319. Jesus went up on a mountainside and called to him those he wanted and they came to him. He appointed twelve and designated them as apostles, that they cogency be with him and that he might send them out to preach and to have the authority to drive out demons. These are the twelve he appointed Simon (to whom he gave the name Peter) James intelligence of Zebedee and his brother John (to them he gave the name Boanerges, meaning the Sons of Thunder) Andrew, Philip, Bartholomew, Matthew, Thomas, James Son of Alphaeus, Thaddaeus, Simon the Zealot and Judas Iscariot, who betrayed him. In both these stories not one man even hesitated about giving everything they had

Discipleship :: Papers

Discipleship In this essay I am going to find out near savior adherents, how he choose them, who they were, what sacrifices and what a disciples job is, in addition to this whether it is possible to be a disciple in the modern day. According to the Oxford Dictionary a disciple is a follower of a leader/teacher. The first four disciples that Jesus choose were Simon, Andrew, James and John. The story of Jesus picking them is in Mk 1 14-20. Jesus went to Galilee, proclaiming the good news of God The time has come he said, The Kingdom of God is near. Repent and believe the good news As Jesus walked beside the sea of Galilee, proclaiming the good news of God, he saw Simon and his brother Andrew casting a net into the sea, as they were fishermen. Come follow me, Jesus said and I go forth make you fishers of men. At once they left their nets and followed him. When he had gone a little farther, he saw James and his brother John in a boat, preparing their nets. Without delay he called them, and they left their father Zebedee in the boat with the hired men and followed him. Another story that shows an example of Jesus appointing his disciples is shown in Mk 3 1319. Jesus went up on a mountainside and called to him those he wanted and they came to him. He appointed twelve and designated them as apostles, that they energy be with him and that he might send them out to preach and to have the authority to drive out demons. These are the twelve he appointed Simon (to whom he gave the name Peter) James intelligence of Zebedee and his brother John (to them he gave the name Boanerges, meaning the Sons of Thunder) Andrew, Philip, Bartholomew, Matthew, Thomas, James Son of Alphaeus, Thaddaeus, Simon the Zealot and Judas Iscariot, who betrayed him. In both these stories not one man even hesitated about giving everything they had

Compensation Management Essay

pay does non refer, however, to other kinds of eployee rewards such as recognition ceremonies and achievement parties. The eventual(prenominal) objectives of recompense administration atomic number 18 efficient maintenance of a productive track downforce,equit fitted pay, and compliance with federal, state, and local regulations based on what companies can afford. The basic creation of stipend administrationrecompense managementis rather simple employees answer tasks for employers and so companies pay employees profit for the jobs they do.Consequently, compensation is an exchange or a trans trifleion, from which twain partiesemployers and employeesbenefit both parties receive something for giving something. Compensation, however, involves much more than this simple transaction. From the employers perspective, compensation is an issue of both affordability andemployee motivation. Companies must consider what they can somewhat afford to pay their employees and the ramificati ons of their decisions will they affectemployee turnoverand productivity?In addition, some employers and managers believe pay can influence employee work ethic and conduct and hence link compensation to performance. Moreover social, economic, legal, and political forces also exert influence on compensation management, making it a complicated yet valuable part of managing a business. Compensation and Reward dust plays vital role in a business memorial tablet. Since, among four Ms, i. e Men, Material, Machine and Money, Men has been just about important factor, it is impossible to imagine a business process without Men. Advantages of Fair Compensation SystemTherefore a fair compensation placement is a must for e truly(prenominal) business organization. The fair compensation system will help in the following 1. If an ideal compensation system is knowing, it will wee-wee positive impact on the efficiency and results produced by workmen. 2. Such system will encourage the normal w orker to perform better and achieve the standards frigid. 3. This system will encourage the process of job evaluation. It will also help in setting up an ideal job evaluation, which will brook transparency, and the standards fixation would be more realistic and achievable. . Such a system would be well defined and uniform. It will be apply to all the takes of the organization as a general system. 5. The system would be simple and flexible so that every worker/recipient would be able to compute his own compensation receivable. 6. Such system would be easy to implement, so that it would not penalize the workers for the reasons beyond their control and would not result in exploitation of workers. 7. It will gull headway the morale, efficiency and cooperation among the workers. It, being just and fair would provide satisfaction to the workers. 8.Such system would help management in complying with the various labor acts. 9. Such system would also bring about amicable settlement of disputes between the workmen union and management. 10. The system would embody itself the principle of equal work equal wages. Encouragement for those who perform better and opportunities for those who wish to excel. Need for designing of compensation Policy After going through the role and essentials of a sound compensation system, it becomes imperative that every business organization should be set up for itself a proper Compensation Policy.The Management of the organization must have well-designed Compensation Policy. The policy calls for deciding the criteria for promotions, up-gradations etc. It would also be necessary to fix up the standard expectations from each and every workmen/employee. The policy should determine the norms to be followed for Performance Appraisal or Job Evaluation. It should also chalk out the need for training, provisions for fringe benefits, welfare stratagems etc. It must prescribe the manner in which such benefits would be extended and levels within the organization to which such benefits are extendable.The incentive schemes and its details, Pay package twist, Tax implications etc. are matters of concern while designing the compensation Policy. Importance of Compensation System Money makes the mare go is the proverb. It holds superb for all the factors participating in the business process expects its fair share of successfulness of the business. Compensation/ Reward System play a vital role in the business organization. And its importance can be very well ascertained as follows 1. Sound Compensation/Reward System brings amicability and peace in the relationship of employer and employees. . The system brings out the best out of every employee in the organization. It aims at creating a healthy competition among them. And as such, encourages them to work hard and efficiently. 3. The system provides adequate opportunities to those who wish to perform better. The system provides harvesting and advancement opportunities to the de serve employees. 4. The system upholds the principle of equal wages. It provides transparency and parity too. 5. The perfect Compensation system provides platform for happy and satisfied workforce, this minimizes the labour turnover.The organization enjoys the stability. 6. The organization is able to retain the best talent by providing them adequate compensation thereby stopping them from switching over to another job. 7. The business organization can cereb prise of expansion and growth if it has the support of skillful, talented and happy workforce. 8. The sound Compensation system is hallmark of Organizations success and prosperity. The success and stability of organization is measured with pay-package it provides to its employees. 9. Both employer and employees get benefited because of the sound Compensation System. 0. A sound Compensation System helps the organization keep pace with changing environment. It helps the organization to debate up with the wage levels in neighborin g industries. 11. Sound Compensation System minimizes the complaints from the employees, provides them the congenial work environment to perform better and sets up for them the targets to be achieved. decided targets help employees know their role in the organization, which minimize wastage, and enhance overall efficiency. It also helps organization to reduce the cost of production and maximize profits The Compensation System beat steadyisePiece rate BonusProfit sharingIndirect pecuniary Incentive Time Rate System This system is divided into three categories. Time Rates Ordinary level High Wage LevelGraduated Time Rates Ordinary Level It is calculated on time (daily, monthly, weekly etc. )The formula for calculation of salary is Rate per hour X Hours worked = Earnings (RPH X HW=E). High Wage Level It is calculated on hourly home put over time is not paid. The formula for calculation of salary is RPH X HW = E Graduate System Payment the basic is linked with dearness cost of nutr iment.The index of cost of living is varying and that is considered for calculating the remuneration. Formula Basic remuneration is Rs. 2,000/- and Cost of living Index (D. A) is 100% then, Rs 2000+100% of Rs 2000 as cost of living is added, thus amount of money remuneration is Rs. 4000/-. It is after 6 months, cost of living index change 150%. Then basic salary + 150 % of basic salary si. e Rs 3,000/- will make it Rs, 5000. Piece Rate/ Payment Rate (Payment by Results) System of Piece Rate (Payment by Results) Straight Piece RatePiece amp Time Combination Differential Piece RateTaylor System Merrick System Gantt Task System Straight Piece Rate Payment Flat rate is relevant per unit, which is predetermined. The time spent is not considered. Formula PPR X O = Earnings. Piece Rate and Time Rate Combinations Payment It is a dual rate system, designed to perfect inefficient workers. The worker is ensured to get the minimum payment. If the payment is calculated on the basis of piece rate guarantees and number of pieces fall below the minimum wages guaranteed, he is paid by time Rate. Differential Piece rate Payment In favour of piece rate system, minimum wages were assured.However, down the stairs this system, instead of combining time-rate and piece-rate, there are dual rank for different efficiency level. The purpose behind keeping high piece rate for higher efficiency is as the level of production increases, the cost per unit falls. Bonus Bonus is given by the company to their employees as a reward. It is been fixed by the government i. e 8. 33%. Bonus encourages the employees to work hard. It is a motivating factor for the employees to improve their efficiency. Profit Sharing Profit Sharing is the more or less motivating factor.When the company makes profit it gives some kind of share to their employees as an Annual increment. This helps to motive employees to work hard and get more increment. Indirect Mo net incomeary Incentive Indirect Monetary Incenti ves like traveling allowance, HRA, Dearness allowance, medical facility etc. are very motivating for the employees. Elements or ingredients of a good wage protrude Before we discuss these two plans, it would be fruitful to know the ingredients of a good wage plan. These are- 1. It should be easily graspable i. e all the employees should easily understand what they are to get for their work.They should be instructed in how the wage plan works. 2. It should be capable of easy computation i. e. it should be sufficiently simple to permit quick calculation. Mathematical tables may be supplied, by reference to which calculations can be quickly made. 3. It should be capable of efficaciously motivating the employees, i. e it should provide an incentive for work. If both the quality and quantity of work are to be stressed at the same time, a plan should be selected that will not unduly influence the worker to work too fast or to become careless about quality. . It should provide for remun eration to employees as soon as possible after the effort has been made. Daily or weekly payment of wage would be preferable to induce employees to work. 5. It should be relatively stable rather than frequently varying so that employees are assured of a stable amount of money. Reasons or factors affecting wage differentials bribe differ in different fights or occupations, industries and localities, and also between persons in the same employment or grade. One therefore comes across such equipment casualty as occupational wage differentials.Wage differentials have been classified into three categories First, the differentials that can be attributed to imperfections in the employment markets, such as the limited familiarity of workers in regard to alternative job opportunities available elsewhere, obstacles to geographical, occupational or inter-firm mobility of workers, or time lags in the adjustments of resource distribution and changes in the scope and structure of economic act ivities. Examples of such wage differentials are inter-industry inter firm and geographical or inter-area wage differentials.Second, the wage differentials which originate in social values and prejudices and which are deeper and more persistent than economic factors. Wage differentials by sex, age, status or ethnic origin belong to this category. Third, occupational wage differentials, which would exist even if employment markets were perfect and social prejudices, were absent. Wage differential arises because of the following factors- a. Difference in the efficiency of the labour, which may be due to inborn quality, education and conditions under which work may be done. . The existence of non-competing group due to difficulties in the way of the mobility of labour from low paid to high paid employments. c. Difference in the amenity or social esteem of employment. d. Differences in the nature of employment and occupations. Norms for Fixation of Wages in Industry 1. While computing t he minimum wages, the standard working(a) class family should be considered as consisting of four consumption units and the earnings of women, children and adolescents should be excluded. . The minimum fodder requirements should be determined on the grounds of a net intake of 2700 calories as laid down by Akroyd for a normal adult in India. 3. Clothing needs should be established on the basis of a per capita consumption of 16. 62 meters per year. 4. As regards housing, the minimum wages should be determined from the standpoint of the rent corresponding to the minimum area specified under the government Industrial Housing Scheme. 5. Miscellaneous expenditure on items such fuel, lighting etc. hould from 20 per cent of the total minimum wage. The resolution gain prescribes that the authorities involved in the issue should justify any deviation from these norms. Retirement benefits related enactments in India Employees Provident Fund Act The Act was passed with a view to making some provision for the future of the industrial worker after his retirement or for his dependents in case of his early death and inculcating the clothes of saving among the workers.The object of the Act is to provide substantial security and timely monetary assistance to industrial employees and their families when they are in distress and or inefficient to meet family and social obligations and to protect them in old age, disablement, early death of the bread winner and in some other contingencies. The act provides for a scheme for the institution of Provident Fund for specified classes of employees. Accordingly, the Employees Provident Funds Scheme was framed under Section 5 of the Act, which came into force on 1st November, 1952. principal(prenominal) features of the ActThe Act is applicable to factorize and other establishments engaged in specified industries classes of establishment, which have completed three years of their existence and employing 20 or more persons. The Act, ho wever, does not apply to co-operative societies employing less than 50 persons and working without the aid of power. An establishment, which is not otherwise coverable under the Act, can be covered voluntarily with the correlative consent of the employer and the majority of the employees. Employees drawing a pay not exceeding Rs. 5000 per month (And now it is amended to Rs. 6500/- ecently) are eligible for membership of the fund. Every employee utilize in or in connection with the fund from the date of joining the factory or establishment. The normal rate of contribution to the provident fund by the employees and the employers as prescribed in the Act is 10 percent of the pay of the employees. The term wages includes basic wage. Dearness allowance including cash value of food concession and retaining allowance, if any. Employees State Insurance Scheme The Employees State Insurance Scheme Act, 1948 is a pioneering measure in the field of social insurance in our country.This act cam e into force from 19th April, 1948. The Scheme under the Act aims at providing for certain cash benefits to employees in the case of sickness, maternity, employment injury and medical facilities in kind, and to make provisions for certain other matters in relations thereto. The term employee has wide connotation and would include within its scope functions of clerical, manual, technical and supervisory. Persons whose remuneration (excluding remuneration for extra time work) does not exceed Rs. 6500 a month are covered under the Act.The Act does not make any distinction between causal or temporary employees or between technical or non-technical employees. Employees employed directly by the principal employer and those employed by or through contractor. However, the definition of employee does not include any member of the Indian naval, military or air force. Compensation Structure and its components One of the most vital factors the motivation, retention and the morale amongst the em ployees is the compensation system, policies and brush up philosophies of any organization.While the bargain able employees generally have their unions to negotiate or review terms with the Management-which are governed by the Long end point Settlements- the terms of the managerial employees are mostly seen to be at the mercy or the goodwill of the organization, reviews of which may or may not be regular or timely, or often do not seem to meet the expectations or logic of such employees. Management Compensation therefore, now plays a very significant part along with the working style and environment, empowerment etc. in the organizations success strategy.While individual organizations may have differences in their methodologies based on factors best suited their perceived needs, some general directions are evident, and are discussed below. 1. lucre, Basic Salary or Consolidated Salary continues to remain as the major component of compensation, though Salary Scales are often disca rded these days, or used only as guides. Individual Salary is generally decided initially using the Scale, but thereafter performance, contribution to targets or results generated determine the revisions periodically, which may vary widely from individual to individual. Salary abundant handling is therefore, getting recognition and acceptance. 2. Grade wise flat Allowance is being considered generally, except where tax exemption benefits are still available, when they continue as separate components. Allowances may be linked to the Salary as a percentage or by slabs, but preference is for flat amounts, which do not increase automatically, and therefore increase could be discretionary, and therefore controllable. 3. Reimbursements of expenses incurred on Company work has become limited, and in line to conform to the tax laws.Being true(a) in most cases, they are not considered as a part of the compensation, unless it is provided towards personal benefits. 4. Annual payments Bonus o r Commission, and Leave travel are habitual features some tax reliefs apply for the latter. 5. Benefits generally comprise of mostly unfurnished company owned or contract accommodation, use of company or leased vehicles, medical coverage, retrial benefits covering Provident Fund, Pension or Superannuation and Gratuity, post-retrial medical assistance, easy loan schemes at low or zero interest rates for house building, cars or vehicles, furniture or utility items etc. enting employees owned housing, club entrance free reimbursement etc. Minor benefits could be provision of security, number one wood or gardening assistance, else of products or assets at a concessional rate, relocation and transfer expenses including admission etc. fees for children, credit card fees, phones etc. 6. Employee stock option schemes which has been touristed in IT industry-,is not extensively used yet, not being tax advantageous to other industries, nor seen as being very attractive with lesser growth t rends for their share values especially in the well-established older companies. 7.Most companies, as against earlier visible costs, use the Total cost to the Company conception as basis. Cost of the most benefits are averaged or computed on actual basis, and within the system of the overall cost, but with greater compliance to tax laws, this basket concept is on the wane. 8. Retiral benefits Some in recognition of the past contribution of pensioners, and to partly offset the inflation post retirement practices periodic improvement in pensions, or a guaranteed grade minimum pension. 9. Performance Bonus that does not increase future liability is being given more as recognition of results generated.It requires transparent, equilibrate and fair systems and benchmarks, and also agrees targets by the managers in advance during planning and review discussions. 10. From the earlier grade oriented compensation system within reasonable boundaries, compensation often has to be somewhat tai lor made for specialist or key contributors to retain them in the very volatile job market. 11. Compensation review periods have become annual generally and sometimes oftener, as compared to every three to five years earlier, in the fast changing market situation. cultivation To summarize, the need to regularly carry out detailed compensation reviews both within and out of the organisation with full support and commitment from the top is essential. nudeness and transparency are important to the managers in the very sensitive and personal issues of management i. e. remuneration, and therefore policies and practices should match. The remuneration and the system have to be fair and high-octane Dealing with human feelings still remains a competitively attractive feature.

Rationing of Healthcare

Due to the changing trends in lifestyle, there are a constantly increasing number of obese people in linked States of America. Currently in America, more than 31% of the entire adult population is considered clinically obese while 16% of adolescents are also clinically obese. The number are even higher for younger children (WIN, 2009). Gastric by consort surgeries are also called bariatric surgeries. They entail reducing the size of the stomach and preventing the absorption of forage by by-passing a part of the small intestine.There is an increasing popularity among the Ameri croupe population in the use of gastric by pass surgeries to facilitate weight loss. A normal bariatric surgery costs up to 25,000 US dollars (WIN, 2009). Apart from the surgery team and the health mete out workers, the surgery also requires additional follow up by nutritionists and psychologists. There are additional expenses for medication and medical tests before and after the surgery. Gastric by pass sur geries require intensive patient care and in about cases are followed up by lengthy hospital admissions.Various complications may arise from gastric by pass surgeries often requiring readmission into hospitals. This is followed up by a lot of inpatient care which could otherwise be directed to other patients. 2) Selection Criteria For health reforms to facilitate cost reduction while maintaining clinical effectiveness, it is dogmatic that certain services be rationed unless in extremely critical cases. Gastric by pass surgeries have gained popularity in America as a quicker and less involving alternative to weight loss.Patients prefer gastric by pass surgery as compared to the effort it would take to loose weight normally through a change of lifestyle. More and more teenagers and young adults are filling up hospitals for gastric by pass surgeries. Gastric by pass surgeries should be exempted for all adolescents and young adults and in their place behavioral modification counseling should be emphasized. This will free up the already overworked nursing staff.When it is offered, it should scarce be given if there is a pre existing condition that prevents the patient from acquiring a more physically active lifestyle or modifying their diet. Currently, most insurance cover companies explicitly exclude obesity treatment or any type of weight loss treatment (WIN, 2009). Any related care incurred by the patient is not paid for by the insurance companies. Gastric by pass surgeries may however be paid for if the patient can prove a medical necessity leading to the need for the surgery.

Prejudice in Mr. Sumarsono Written by Roxana Robinson Essay

Stereotype is a largely false belief, or set of belief, concerning the characteristics of the members of a racial or social group (McLemore, 1983). Stereotype may be positive or negative in mind which is based on limited and minimal experience about a group of people. Incomplete information, mistaken perceptions, isolation and segregation have resulted many stereotypes. Viewing of a person with oddity based on the stereotype will limit what we expected and how we respond to them. Prejudice is an unfavorable attitude towards people because they be members of a particular racial or ethnic group.Discrimination is unfavorable action towards people because they ar members of a particular racial or ethnic group. (McLemore, 1983). These both are negative manifestations of integrative power. A harmd person may non act on their attitude. Therefore, someone can be prejudice towards a certain group but non discriminate against them. Also, prejudice includes all told three components of an attitude (affective, behavioral and affective), whereas discrimination just involves behavior and involves some actions.Prejudice and stereotyping parallels attitudes and opinions or beliefs (Stroebe & Insko, 1989) Prejudice as well as sustains stereotype, sequence stereotype is a generalization or interpretation toward a person or group of some physical, behavior, belief or otherwise factors. For a 10-year-old girl, she moldiness have got a first bad impression to a stranger, especially a foreigner. She spontaneously thought that someone newbie in another inelegant is a kind of alien with different skin, face structure or another physical body.In that point, this attitude includes a racial stereotype which provokes a prejudice side. Roxana Robinson is a biographer and scholar of nineteenth and early twentieth century American art. She graduated from Buckingham Friends School, in Lahaska, and from The Shipley School, in Bryn Mawr. She attended Bennington College and studied w ith Bernard Malamud and Howard Nemerov. She received a B. A. degree in English Literature from the University of Michigan.Roxana Robinson is the author of the four novels Cost, (2008) Sweetwater, (2003) This Is My Daughter, (1998) and Summer Light (1988) the three short story collections A Perfect Stranger, (2005) Asking for spot, (1996) A Glimpse of Scarlet, (1991) and the biography Georgia OKeeffe A Life, (1989). Mr. Sumarsono is listed as one of the best American Short Stories at 1994. Statement of Problems 1. Why do Susan and her infant give bad impression toward Mr. Sumarsono? 2. Why did Mrs. Riordan welcome Mr. Sumarsono warmly? 3. What is the cultural aspect of this short story? What is the connection with it?Discussion Mr. Sumarsono is a worker in UN which involved many Western people in it for a long time. Because of the environment, he tried to adapt the style like an American. According to the story, both daughters of Mrs. Riordan, Susan and Kate, with Mrs. Riordan hers elf fetched Mr. Sumarsono in a Trenton Station in impertinent Jersey and they truism him for the first time with bad impression and underestimate toward Mr. Sumarsono. However, at that time, he was raiment as an American businessman. Mr. Sumarsono was wearing an neat suit and leather shoes, like an American businessman, but he didnt look like an American.The suit was brown, not gray, and it had a slight sheen. And Mr. Sumarsono was built in a different way from Americans he was slight and graceful, with infinitesimal shoulders and an absence of strut. (Page 265 bankers bill 1) Kate and I stood next to my gravel as she waved and smiled. Kate and I did not wave and smile (Page 265 line 11) In this case, it proved that both sisters didnt like and give bad thought for Mr. Sumarsono because they didnt know who actually Mr. Sumarsono was, since Mr. Sumarsono had an Asian figure with pale brown skin.Besides, there were few Indonesian that came to America, or else almost never. Mr. S umarsono was the only Indonesian who arrived in New Jersey. It was 1959, and Mr. Sumarsono was the only Indonesian who got off the train in Trenton, New Jersey. (Page 264 line 25) Next on, the displeasure of the sisters continued until they were in way home. They were acting like they didnt need a middle-aged Indonesian in where were they belong to. Moreover, they avoided the lunch time which their mother prepared for them and Mr. Sumarsono. And alike, they showed an impolite attitude toward Mr.Sumarsono in the table. We were going to overhear the mallard nesting, and I hope we didnt have to include a middle-aged Indonesian in leather shoes(Page 267 line 1) Dev-il, Kate said, Speaking real loudly and slowly. She pointed at the eggs and then put two forked finger behind her head like horns, Mr. Sumarsono looked at her horns. (Page 269 lines 25) Another evidence occurred at the dinner time when Susan saw her mother wearing a pink dress. She thought her mothers dress was overlooked just for dinner with a stranger who can not understand their language.I was irritated to see that she had put it on as thought she were at a party. This was not a party she had merely gotten hold of a captive guest, a complete stranger who understood nothing she said. (Page 270, line 12) Although they kept underestimate him, they were quite move that Mr. Sumarsono wasnt someone like usual Asian guy they were thinking about. He was different in presence. Not only the appearance of him but also his gesture was shown when they were already at home. Somehow, The stop gesture was making the sisters wondering what makes that Indonesian was different. This gesture is shown by Mr.Sumarsono when he tried to prevent his suitcase as Susan offered to pick up upstairs. What struck me was the grace of his gesture. His hand extended easily out cuff and expose a narrow brown wrist, as narrow as my own. When he put his hand up in the recrudesce gesture, his hand curved backward from the wrist, a nd his fingers bent backward from the palm. Instead of the stern and flat-handed Stop that an American hand would make, this was a polite, subtie, and yielding signal, quite beautiful and infinitely sophisticated, a gesture that suggested a thousand reasons for doing something, a thousand ways to go about it.(Page 267 line 13) On the other hand, Mrs. Riordan was greeting him cheerfully. She showed an excessive behavior since Mr. Sumarsono decided to spend his weekend in New Jersey. Furthermore, he stayed in Riodans as well. Mrs. Riordan tried to catch attention from Mr. Sumarsono. Apart from being dressed in pink, she treated him as best as she can. Oh, Im successful were having rice she said suddenly, pleased. That must make Mr. Sumarsono feel at home. She looked at me. (Page 273 line 7) She also thought that Mr. Sumarsono was far from his family and being lonely, Mrs.Riordan conclude that he was missing them and she tried to give something that Mr. Sumarsono would feel like he came back to the warm atmosphere when a family was gathered supposed to be. It is shown when Mrs. Riordan asked Mr. Sumarsono to show his wife and children photograph. She saw a strange condition on Mr. Sumarsono with complicated and unfinished look when she asked and he even wanted to take a picture with them. The poor man, he must miss his wife and children. Dont u feel sorry for him, thousands of miles away from his family? Oh, thousands.Hes here for six months, all alone. They told me that at the UN. Its all very uncertain. He doesnt know when he gets leaves, how long after that hell be here. Think of how his poor wife feels. (Page 272 line 24) As from the both sisters misjudged all about Mr. Sumarsono and what they have done, they thought that they would feel ashamed, instead of underestimating him. Their prejudice has made them blind to not know who actually Mr. Sumarsono was. Beside it was from their mother, they also felt embarrassed him because they can not be an appropria te hostess to him while Mr.Sumarsono showed his unruffled courtesy. Although Mr. Sumarsono couldnt speak English well and only responded all Mrs. Riordan and her daughters with simple nodded and smile, at least he knew what attitude he supposed to do when he was visiting peoples house in other country. I was embarrassed not only for my mother but also for poor Mr. Sumarsono. Whatever he had expected from a country weekend in America, It could not have been a cramped attic room, two sullen girls, voluble and incomprehensible hostess.I felt we had failed him, we had betrayed his unruffled courtesy, with our bewildering commands, our waving forks, our irresponsible tattle about lizard. I wanted to save him. I wanted to liberate poor Mr. Sumarsono from this aerial grid of misunderstandings. (Page 274 line 24) This story is pertaining aspect of prejudice side. Therefore, prejudice has both cognitive and affective components. Affective component is the positive or negative attitude or f eeling while cognitive component contains stereotypes. Stereotypes are beliefs about people based on their membership in a particular group.Stereotypes can be positive, negative, or neutral. Stereotypes based on gender, ethnicity, or business are common in many societies. Stereotypes often results from, and leads to, prejudice and bigotry. The reasons appearing of stereotype is variable, It occurs When people encounter instances that disconfirm their stereotypes of a particular group, they tend to assume that those instances are atypical subtypes of the group. Second, Peoples perceptions are influenced by their expectations. And last, People selectively recall instances that confirm their stereotypes and forget about disconfirming instances.As a assort from stereotype, prejudice is a destructive phenomenon, and it is pervasive because it serves many psychological, social, and economic functions. It allows people to bond with their own group by contrasting their own groups to outsi der groups. cultivation This short story which Roxana wrote showed about an experience of Indonesian immigrant who visited and spent the weekend at one of New Jerseys families, Riordans house. Based on discussion above, it is described that the two daughters, Susan and Kate had first bad impression toward Mr.Sumarsono as a strange foreigner. This signs that their attitude showed the prejudice aspect of the racial differences. References Robinson, Roxana. Asking for Love Mr. Sumarsono. New York Random House. 1996. Print University of Colorado, USA. Prejudice and Discrimination. http//www. colorado. edu. 1998 (Access Date Wednesday, May 02, 2012) Anonim. Roxana Robinson Biography. http//www. roxanarobinson. com. (Access date Wednesday, May O2,2012) Sparknotes editor. Social Psychology. http//www. sparknotes. com. 2007(Access date Thursday, May 03 2012).

Thantopsis and the Road Theme Death

AP English Period 5 William Bryant uses vision of Natures beauty to wee a theme that cobblers last is beautiful and serene, while Cormac McCarthy uses imagery darkness and dead things to shit a theme that final stage is scary and dark. Bryants acquaintance of death shows that it is interconnected with nature at which it is a life cycle. He shows us a different perspective on how death is. His use of yeasty imagery of nature to death creates the theme of death being non as bad as it seems. McCarthys view of death differs from Bryants view.McCarthy uses a post-apocalyptic world where nature is dead to support the theme that death is horrible. Both authors use imagery to show the relationship between life and death to create themes opposite of each other. In Thanatopsis, the author shows the theme about death by comparing it to natures beauty. Most people see death as horrible, but Bryant shows an in-depth meaning to it. The poem starts off by personifying nature as a beautiful female, and a smile and eloquence of beauty (Lines 4-5), who go away always be there for you to make you feel better, Into his darker musings, with a mild and healing sympathy. (Lines 6-8) The poem takes a shift and talks about how death feels same(p) Of the stern agony, and shroud, and p entirely and breathless darkness, and the narrow house, (Lines 11-12) and the idea of being in pain in a dark coffin. The poem continues going back and frontwards on natures beauty and death, and soon connects it back to the theme. Thy growth, to be resolved to earth again, (Line 23) shows that after death is another phase of life itself, and we impart return to be one with nature. Our dead decomposing bodies will be mixed in with nature, Shall send his roots abroad, and pierce thy mould. Line 30) Bryant compares nature to a coffin, ar but the solemn decorations all of the great tomb of man. (Line 44-45), to show the coffins of dead people created natures beauty, the valleys, hills, rivers. B ryant leaves a message to the living that death, the great equalizer, is infallible and everyone will die eventually, The youth gray-headed man. (Line 68-70) He then continues on telling the message that you only live once, so live your life to your safe potential, So Live, (Line 73) and be aware that death will eventually come with a blanket around him and getting ready for a happy, dream-filled sleep, (Line 80-81).You will not go to death alone. Everyone who has ever died will already be there. Everyone who hasnt gone yet will be there eventually. Bryant connects nature with death because its with all the death that Mother Natures beauty was created, and as you become one with nature. In The Road, McCarthy makes death a darker and scary theme. Since the beginning to the end of the book, McCarthy uses imagery to show that death is horrible. As the contract and son are on the road, the father describes everything he sees He tells detail imagery on the dead trees, no colors, ash a bandon man-made objects, like buildings and trains, and others.Every living thing in the world is dead, so they savage what they can from abandon houses to keep themselves from starving, and freezing to death. on that point is a constant fear of dying from the boy, Are we going to die? Sometime. Not Now, (Page 10) but the father knows that they are going to die, but not now. The sustain and son are out in an unforgiving, dangerous world where even the slightest misstep could lead to death, so they keep on moving. All they see is death, inside(a) the barn three bodies hanging from the rafters, dried and dusty, (Page 16) as they play.The boy has seen so much death in his short life that he learns to accept it and guess that death is here. The father is only living because of the son, and it is his responsibility to find him a safe place, as the son is only living for his father. The boy said, I like I was with my mom, because he wishes to be dead like his mother. The first death that both the father and son witness was his mother death. The mother didnt expect to live anymore because she couldnt face the world as it is filled with cannibals and murderers, they are going to rape us and kill us and eat us and you wont face it.Youd rather wait for it to happen. But I cant. (p. 58). The father and son are always on the move because of the fear that they will be eaten by cannibals. In the mansion, the father opened up the room, and saw living humans held captive to be food for the cannibals. The father and son saw a beheaded, gutted out, baby over a fire when they were starving for food (Page 199). Death is everywhere in The Road. They are always on the constant move so they can run away from death by finding food and warmth, while hiding from the cannibals.Both works of literature gives a clear relationship between life and death. McCarthy shows imagery that describes that death is horrible. The constant running to find what they can to eat while hiding from cannibals show that death is at the door, and it is only a matter of time before they die. Bryants imagery of death is more serene and beautiful. He gave a lighter and happier wraith on death and how death shouldnt not be feared, and live your life. Both McCarthy and Bryant uses imagery to show death as a beauty or scary.

Education in “The Republic” & “Discourse on the Arts and Sciences”

The role and significance of rearing with regard to political and neighborly institutions is a subject that has interested political philosophers for millennia. In particular, the views of the ancient Greek philosopher Plato, as evidenced in The Republic, and of the pre-Romantic philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau in his Discourse on the humanities and Sciences, present a striking juxtaposition of the two extremes of the ongoing philosophical and political debate over the function and value of education.In this paper, I allow for argue that Rousseaus repudiation of education, while imperfect and offering no remedy to the ills it disparages, is higher-up inasmuch as it comes closer to the truth of things than does Platos idealized conceptions. To do so, I entrust first examine Platos interpretation of the role of education and its function in shaping the structure of company and government and in producing thoroughly citizens. I volition then introduce Rousseaus view of educati on and the negative effects of the civilized culture which it produces, and using this view, get out attempt to illustrate the naivete and over-idealization of Platos notions.Finally, I ordain attempt to demonstrate that it is Rousseaus view, preferably than Platos, that is ultimately more significant in assessing the actual (vs. idealized) merits (or lack thereof, in Rousseaus case) by which education should be judged with regard to the nurturance of unsloped citizens. For Plato, the question of the role of education arises near the end of Book II (377e), after a discussion of both the necessary and consequent attributes of Socrates kallipolis or model urban center.Such a metropolis, Socrates argues, willing, before yen, have need of both a specialization of labor (in fix for the greatest level of diversity and luxury of goods to be achieved) and of the establishment of a class of Guardians to protect the city from its envious neighbors and maintain order within its walls (i. e. , to police and govern the city). This, in turn, leads inexorably to the question of what attributes the manikin City will require of its Guardians, and how best to foster such attributes.The early, childhood education of the Guardians, Socrates argues, is the key. What, then, asks Socrates, should children be taught, and when? This quickly leads to a discussion of censorship. Socrates cites a number of confutable passages from Homer which cannot, he thinks, be allowed in education, since they represent dishonorable behavior and encourage the fear of death. The dramatic form of much of this poetry is also odd it puts unworthy words into the mouths of gods & heroes.Socrates suggests that what we would call direct quotation must be strictly limited to morally-elevating speech. Nothing can be permitted that compromises the education of the young Guardians, as it is they who will one day rule and protect the city, and whom the lesser-constituted citizens of the polis will att empt to emulate, assimilating, via the imitative process of mimesis, to the Myth (or noble lie) of the Ideal City in which nicety is achieved when everyone assumes their proper role in society.The process of mimesis, is, of course, yet an different form of education, in which those of Iron and Bronze natures argon instructed and inspired by the superior intelligence and character of the Gold and Silver members of the Guardian class. It is therefore a form of education without which the polis cannot operate. Thus, for Guardian and ordinary citizen alike, the education of the young and the continuing breeding of the citizenry are crucial. In addition to these aspects, Plato also conceives of another function of education, and one which is quite significant in its relation to Rousseaus views.For Plato, education and ethics are interdependent. To be ethical, in turn, requires a twofold movement movement away from immersion in concrete affairs to thinking and vision of unchanging order and structures (such as justice) and then movement back from dialectic to participation and re-attachment in worldly affairs. It is a temptation to become an abstract scholar. But the vision of the good is the vision of what is good for oneself and the city of the common good.If one does not return to help his fellow human beings, he becomes selfish and in time will be less able to see what is good, what is best. An unselfish devotion to the good requires an unselfish devotion to the realization of this good in human affairs. Just as the purpose of understanding order and limits in ones own life is to bring about order and restraint in ones own character and desires, the understanding of justice requires application in the public sphere (through education). A man who forgets the polis is like a man who forgets he has a body.Plato thus advocates educating both the body and the city (for one needs both), not turning ones back on them. If education is, for Plato, the means by which m an comes to fully realize (through society) his potential as a human being and by which society as a whole is in turn elevated, for Rousseau it is quite the opposite. Education, argues Rousseau, does not elevate the souls of men but rather corrodes them. The noble mimesis which lies at the heart of education in Platos kallipolis is for Rousseau merely a slavish imitation of the tired ideas of antiquity.The ill effects of this imitation are manifold. Firstly, argues Rousseau, when we hallow ourselves to the learning of old ideas, we stifle our own creativity and originality. Where is there room for original thought, when, in our incessant efforts to impress one another with our erudition, we are unendingly spouting the ideas of others? In a world devoid of originality, the mark of greatness, intelligence, and virtue is reduced to nothing more than our talent to please others by reciting the wisdom of the past.This focus on originality is in marked contrast with Plato, who finds n o value in originality, deeming it antithetical to a polis otherwise unified by shared Myths of the Ideal City and of Metals. Rousseau rejects this unity, rightly denouncing it as a form of slavery , in which humanitys inherent capacity for spontaneous, original self-expression is replaced with the yoking. of the mind and the will to the ideas of others, who are often long dead.In addition to suppressing the innate human need for originality, education (and the appetite for culture and sophistication that it engenders) causes us to conceal ourselves, to mask our true natures, desires, and emotions. We become kitschy and shallow, using our social amenities and our knowledge of literature, etc. , to present a pleasing but deceptive face to the world, a notion quite at odds with the ideas of Plato.We assume, in Rousseaus words, the appearance of all virtues, without being in possession of one of them. Finally, argues Rousseau, rather than strengthening our minds and bodies and (a crit ical point) moving us towards that which is ethical, as Plato contends, education and civilization effeminate and weaken us physically and ( peradventure most significantly) mentally, and cause us, in this weakness, to stoop to every manner of depravity and injustice against one another. remote ornaments, writes Rousseau, are no less foreign to virtue, which is the strength and occupation of the mind.The honest man is an athlete, who loves to wrestle stark naked he scorns all those vile trappings, which prevent the exertion of his strength, and were, for the most part, invented only to conceal some deformity. Virtue, as opposed to Platos conception, is an action, and results not from the imitation inherent in mimesis, but rather in the activity in the exercise of the body, mind and soul. Education, however, demands imitation, demands a modeling upon what has been successful. How, then, do we rightly assess the merits of education with regard to its it molding of the public cha racter in its ability to produce good citizens.The answer to this hinges, I submit, on how we choose to define the good citizen. Clearly, if obedience (or assimilation to a political ideology, or perhaps voluntary servitude) is the hallmark of the good citizen, then we must regard Platos disposition towards education as the proper one. However, obedience, despite its obvious centrality to the smooth operation of society (as we would have social chaos were it completely absent), has its useful limits. Over-assimilation to a political idea or blueprint is every bit as dangerous indeed, off the beaten track(predicate) more so as the utter under-assimilation of anarchy.For those inclined to dispute this, I would urge them to review the history of Nazi Germany as perhaps the definitive example of what sad, awful spectacles of injustice we humans are capable of when we trade in our mental and spiritual autonomy for the convenient apathy and faceless anonymity of the political ideal. F urthermore, if , as Rousseau contends, our civilization is such that, Sincere friendship, real esteem, and perfect confidence in each other are banished from among men, what is the quality of the society for which education any neo education purports to prepares us?When, Jealousy, suspicion, fear coldness, reserve, hate, and fraud lie constantly concealed under a uniform and deceitful veil of politeness, what is left to us to educate citizens for, other than the pleasure we seem to derive in pedantic displays of hoary knowledge? If we remove the civility from civilization, what remains to us that any education will remedy?

Life Span Development and Personality Essay Questions

Life Span Development and Personality Essay Questions Cathy Perry Psy 300 September 27, 2010 Tara Terry Ph. D. Select a famous individual from the twentieth or 21st centuries Maya Angelou (born as Marguerite Ann jokeson). Conduct research concerning the background of your selected individual to determine what forces have impacted his or her life from the viewpoint of developmental psychology. 1. Discuss the influences of heredity and environment (including family and social support) on your individuals psychological development. Be sure to describe specific areas of psychological development (moral, emotional, and so forth . (300-500 words). Maya Angelou was born in St. Louis, Missouri in 1928. At the age of three, she and her brother, Bailey, moved to Stamps, Arkansas to live with their paternal grandmother when their parents divorced. Throughout her tykehood she struggled with feelings of displacement collectible to her early separation from her parents (Mongeau-Marsh each(preno minal), 1994). She developed self-pride problems because of her large frame and nappy fuzz and was not considered pretty also, racisms messages of southern black females organism inferior and that they lacked control of their future.The grandmother raised them in a strict sheltered environment around church, school, and her store. The fear of being terrorized by the Ku Klux Klan was always upon Maya. later five years of minimal contact with either parent, the father returned and took them to their mother in St. Louis. This household consisted of their mother, maternal grandmother, and two uncles, but they rarely saw their mother. Maya dislike the citys loud noises and constant commotions, so she escaped through reading. Moving back to St. Louis was unsettling to both children.Maya began having nightmares and Bailey began to stutter (Pettit, 1996). Later that year, their mother moved them in with her and her boyfriend, Mr. Freeman. One night, while their mother was working, Mr. Fre eman made Bailey leave the house and he raped Maya she was only 8 years old. He threatened Maya that if she told any wholeness he would kill Bailey. Mayas mother model she was ill but discovered the blood stained underwear when changing sheets. At the hospital Bailey convinced her to say who had done this. Mr. Freeman was arrested and Maya testified at the trial.He was released early before finishing out his sentence and was later found beaten to death. Maya stop speaking to everyone besides Bailey, and kept silent for five years. She entangle ill-doingy that Mr. Freemans death was her fault and she feared if she spoke about anyone else, that they would die too. The children were sent back to Stamps which Maya felt was her fault since the family could not tolerate her silence and slow recovery. One male relative even physically punished her for not speaking. The grandmother in Stamps had a friend of hers, Bertha Flowers, speak to Maya. Ms.Flowers was instrumental in bringing M aya back from the darkness. She slowly helped Maya transform from the mute with no self-worth to a speaking young woman with self-esteem and academic success (Gillespie, Johnson-Butler, & Long,2008). After graduating the eighth grade, Maya and Bailey were sent to live with their mother in California. That summer Maya went to visit her father, but left early when his girlfriend began to chip her. Maya had been stabbed and stayed with her fathers friends. When she returned to her mother, she got a job instead of going back to school.After six months of working, she went back to school, but found that other girls her age were more developed physically and she felt unfeminine. To prove she was normal she decided to have sex, but didnt prove any social occasion except she became pregnant. She graduated high school and a month later gave birth to her son Clyde. 2. Select two different theories of personality and apply them to your selected figure, and answer the following question How does each theory beg off the individuals unique patterns or traits? (500-700 words). The Psychodynamic theory can be applied to Maya Angelou in several areas.One of these areas was the continuous moves from parents to grandparents throughout her childishness. The consistency she had as a child was her grandmother in Stamps, Arkansas. Maya and her brother had love, stability and the meaning of family while they lived with her. According to Kowalski and Westen, (2009), Disrupted attachments are associated with severe personality disturbances, depression, antisocial behavior and adjustment problems, and childhood experiences such as parental neglect or even parental divorce cause more vulnerability to adult nsecurities. Psychodynamic theorists state that depressive behaviors have various causes, one of which would be a parental attachment history influencing problems and fears of rejection and or abandonment. Both Maya and her brother had problems dealing with the thoughts of aband onment. Maya thought it was better to think of them being exsanguine than to imagine having parents that did not want their children (Mongeau-Marshall, 1994). Maya was a rape victim at a very early age that traumatized her into speechlessness for five years.The fact that she was only eight years old is enough reason for her to have trust issues. According to Mongeau-Marshall, (1994) Maya trusted Mr. Freeman and felt him to be a father figure. After his death, she stopped talking to everyone but her brother, which in a psychodynamic theory viewpoint the psychological thought processes caused her to think that she caused his death. If she spoke about anyone ever again, the same tragic thing would happen. She could not endure the thought of being responsible for that.According to Kowalski Westen, (2009), Compromise formations is a single behavior or a complex pattern of thought and action, typically reflects compromises among multiple and often conflicting forces (p. 421). Maya did n ot talk for five years, but she did talk to her brother and would talk to herself when reading. When Bailey convinced her to tell him who raped her, he had also convinced her that no one could harm him so it would be okay to tell him. Maya compromised her thoughts by the love of her brother.She needed his companionship and acceptance at this crucial time in her life. She did not want to speak, but found it was necessary to speak to Bailey. In another time of her life, during high school, she believed she was not woman enough because her body was not as sexually developed as her peers. She decided to have sex to prove that she was woman enough so she rationalized. Rationalization, accord to Kowalski Westen, is a defense when a person tries to explain away actions in a seemingly logical way to avoid uncomfortable feelings, especially guilt or shame (p. 26). Maya was ashamed of the fact that she was not as developed as her female classmates and wanted the acceptance that she desired, not just from others, but from herself. The Cognitive-Social theory accentuates the tasks of a persons thought processes and their social learning in behavior and personality. Mayas grandmother in Stamps, Arkansas had the most positive billet in her life giving her love, stability, encouragement, and education. She was able to learn from this grandmother that things do exist in life.She was able to draw personal strength, even at a young age, from the things she learned and observed from this grandmother. Her behavior-outcome expectancies were her beliefs that this way of life would continue if she thought her parents were dead. As long as they were dead, living in Stamps would continue and family turmoil would be no more. Mayas competences were lacking in self-esteem and admiration of who she was and what she was. She dreamed of being a white blue-eyed girl with long blonde hair having all the beautiful clothes and expensive things that white people had.She believed that one day s he would wake up from her blackness and be this person (Mongeau-Marshall, 1994). Self-regulation was apparently free when she was a young girl, but as she became a young woman, she wasnt just the first Black woman to be a cable gondola car conductor, she was the first Black person to be cable car conductor in San Francisco. She accomplished this by harrying the Negro support organizations to help her get the job, and waiting for hours to be interviewed at the cable car offices (Pettit, 1996). 3.Explain which theoretical approach ruff explains the individuals behaviors and achievements. Make sure to explain why this is true. (100-200 words). The Psychodynamic theory is probably the best approach that relates to Maya Angelou. Her entire childhood is riddled with abandonment, child abuse, ridicule, and depression. Ms. Angelou had troubled relationships throughout her life, including three failed marriages. She only bore one child, whom she felt she abandoned when she went to Europe on the tour with Porgy and Bess (Gillespie, Johnson-Butler, & Long, 2008). This theoretical approach deals with Ms.Angelous horrendous childhood, adolescent, and young adult life. She dabbled in drugs, prostitution, and rich men. Through her life journeys, however, she has become one of the most prominent Black female poet, author, actress, humanist, and speaker that has walked upon this earth. She was friends with Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. , Malcolm X, W. E. B. Dubois, among many other famous people. Maya Angelou developed a tough outer character from all the hardships she endured, but she shares with the public in order for them to learn from her past and to think about their future.References Gillespie, M. A. , Johnson-Butler, R. , & Long, R. A. (2008). Maya Angelou A glorious celebration. New York, New York Doubleday. Kowalski, R. , & Westen, D. (2009). Psychology (5th ed. ). Hoboken, NJ John Wiley & Sons. Mongeau-Marshall, C. (1994). The masks of Maya Angelou Discovered, disc arded, and designed. Retrieved from ProQuest ProQuest Dissertations & Theses database. Pettit, J. (1996). Maya Angelou Journey of the heart. New York, New York Lodestar Books.

Inez Beverly Prosser Twentieth Century African American Essay

AbstractInez Beverly Prosser (1895-1934), was an African American psychologist of the early twentieth century. Her main focus was on the significance of racism and its effects upon children relative to the obtention of fair and adequate education. This writing will address the endeavors, perspectives, and accomplishments of this significant yet vastly under recognized African American young-bearing(prenominal) psychologist. A psychologist who take us on a journey through her perspectives as seen through the mind and eyes as an African American. It would be a journey of the some(prenominal) obstacles endured to enhance her knowledge as a way to make a difference for other African American children through higher education.Prosser contributed more than, not unless for African Americans, but in any case to the field of psychology through research. This journey takes you through her childhood, her desires, and her struggles opus striving to achieve her goals and recognition. What is at the end of this journey is a legacy which has abandoned hope and aspirations for many past, present and future generations.Inez Beverly Prosser Twentieth Century African American Psychologist 20th Century Education in psychology The Matter of Gender In the early twentieth century, the composition of psychologists was predominantly Caucasian males. Caucasian females at that condemnation were more and more given the luck to attend college and teach within those colleges. However, those identical women continued to encounter resistance to the opportunity for obtaining a degree in psychology. One such renowned female of that period was Mary Whiton Calkins (1863 1930). Calkins applied to study at Harvard University, but at the time, Harvard did not permit women admittance. Through letters, petitions, protest, and insistence by prominent within the educational system, Calkins was fin all in ally allowed to study at Harvard under the conditions that she attends as an unregist ered student. By 1894, Calkins had completed all of the requirements for earning a doctorate in Psychology.Although Calkins was never officially conferred the doctorial degree, she is regarded, by many, as being the first woman to excite rightfully earned this honor. 20th Century Education for Psychology The Matter of Racism though Calkins had paved the way for the female gender to have the same rights and recognition as her male peers in psychology, the road remained an uphill battle and was riddled with exponential function barriers for the African Americans. It was especially true even after an additional 30 plus years had passed between the time Calkins completed her studies at Harvard in 1894, and the time that an African American female strived to fulfill her goals through post graduate studies. For African Americans, there were roadblocks at the entrance of the many prestigious colleges and universities.As it stands, ski binding in the early nineteenth century and beyond, African Americans have demonstrated their exemplary skills, perspectives, and intelligence in the world of nonacceptance due to the differences of their outward appearance, (color of their skin), or culture. Many African Americans have contributed to todays society in ways that cannot be repeated but are worthy to have been attribute for those very contributions. One such person worthy of mention as a great contributor to the world of psychology is Inez Prosser. Prosser is the central focus of this paper.Inez Beverly ProsserInez Beverly Prosser (1895-1934), an African American who faced many obstacles in her quest to achieve the same recognition as Calkins, her female predecessor. Throughout history, racism and sexism were obstacles that have confronted African Americans, two male and female. Historian Cynthia Neverdon-Morton wrote, that African Americans saw education as a means of escaping poverty, enhancing their ability to secure employment, and redressing social inequalities and injustices. (Benjamin, 2005) Prosser was one such person who went on to achieve greatness in her educational aspirations. In 1912, Prosser graduated from college holding a certificate for teaching. She began teaching at various elementary and high schools, while at the same time, worked on obtaining a masters degree. During time, the state of Texas did not allow African Americans to obtain graduate degrees. This fact did not dissuade Prosser instead, she became an administrator at Tugaloo College. She later applied and was admitted to the University of Colorado to continue her education where she later earned her masters degree in education.At the same time Prosser was attending the University of Colorado, she took additional courses in psychology. She eventually returned to Tugaloo College as a member of the faculty and finished her doctoral dissertation titled, Non-academic development of negro children in mixed and segregated schools, which was approved in 1933. She was not only to become the first African American to earn a Ph.D. in psychology, but also the first female African American in this country to be recognized as having done so. Although this point appears in many publications, it remains a matter of which you will not find Prosser listed along with the many accomplished psychologist of the past and presentnot even within the Psychology Timeline, a acknowledgment material provided by our very own Universities for reference.The Driving Force and Perspectives of Inez Beverly ProsserThe foundation Prosser utilized for her thought process was the Humanistic theory. This theory focuses on the potential of an idiosyncratic and the importance of self-actualization. As an educator, Prosser felt that Caucasian teachers within the institutions of the south were not equipped, from a psychological perspective of the black culture to adequately teach African American students. Prosser felt that the Caucasian educators could not relate to those students in the same manner as an educator of the same race. Prosser set out to bring concern to the significance of her view by creating, The Comparative Reliability of Objective Tests in English Grammar. The design of this study was meant to demonstrate that the English grammar tests that were being administered at that time were unreliable because they did not take into consideration the background or culture of the African American students. During her tenure, Prosser conducted an extensive study to prove this point.In her reason given for choosing Cincinnati for her research, this was made clear by her following statement, (1) to measure vocational interests, leisure interests, play interests, social participation, emotional or neurotic tendencies, social ascendancy-submission, overstatement, introversion-extraversion, and general record adjustment. . . , (2) to ascertain the difference, if any, that exists in these traits, and (3) to determine whether one or the other of these scho ols is better fostering growth in personality in so far as it can be determined by the available techniques. (Benjamin L. T., 2005)Her ContributionsProsser contributed much to society through her commitments for equality in education. Her dissertation research, although unpublished and largely unrecognized by later researchers, addressed issues that would become central to the debates on school desegregation that led ultimately to the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision of the U.S. Supreme Court. (Benjamin L. T., 2005) much(prenominal) more was never realized due to her untimely death just one year after being awarded her Ph.D. in psychology. She, along with her husband of 18 years, Allen Rufus Prosser, and one of her sisters, was involved in a head-on car collision as they drove back from visiting family in Texas. Her life may have been nearsighted, but her achievements during her life were considerable. She was an encouragement to all who knew her as well as those of us wh o can only read her story. Prosser left a legacy which is stand for best by the following memorial tribute to her honor, In Southern Memorial Park, an African American cemetery on Roland Road in San Antonio, the account on Inez Prossers headstone reads, How many hopes lie buried here. (Bazar, 2010)In conclusionIn the early nineteenth century, racism and sexism were prominent within the alliance of psychologist. It was not until 1933 that this fact, due to the conference of a Ph.D. bestowed upon Inez Beverly Prosser, was changed forever. Prosser became the first African American female to receive a doctorate in psychology. Prosser persevered through the many obstacles African Americans faced in their quest to obtain an education at the higher levels from the southern state universities that would not accept African Americans. Inez Beverly Prosser was not, she went on to accomplish much during her short-lived life. She excelled in her educational endeavors by graduating with distin ction. She later went on to receive her masters in education. Her ultimate achievement was obtaining the status as the African American as well as the first African American female to be awarded a Ph.D. in psychology.Prossers life was cut short in a car accident just one short year after receiving her Ph.D.. Prosser, through her studies, was instrumental in helping all of her siblings to background academic successfive of which earned college degrees. Her contributions helped pave the road that led to the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision. Prosser was a prominent psychologist who deserved recognition for all that she brought to the forefront by bringing understanding and equality to the educational system. She was committed, and brought about changes for the diverse people of our society who were confronted with the unjust obstacles on their road to higher education. whole works CitedBazar. (2010). Psychologys feminist Voices. Retrieved May 2, 2014, from Feminist Voices htt p//www.feministvoices.com/inez-beverly-prosser/ Benjamin, L. T. (2005). Inez Beverly Prosser and the Education of African Americans. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 41, 43-62. Wiley Interscience. (2005). Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences. pp. 41(1), 43-62.

Folate Supplementation In Food Essay

Generally, munition of regimens have proven beneficial to people over the past years as it restores the nutrients that may have been lost in forage processing and also enhances the vitamins that the provender contain. Examples of feed for thought fortification include the addition of Vitamin C, to an orange drink, Vitamin D to dairy products, and Vitamins B1 and B2 to bread, among many others. However, while food fortification is broadly considered beneficial to consumers, a recent article, Folic Acid Fortification One Size May Not tog It All, which was published in Natural News.com, showed that foods fortified with folic acid change magnitude the risk of colon cancer. While I am in generally in favor of the fortification of foods, the article made me think twice before consuming foods that atomic number 18 high in folic acid. Although the article showed that folic acid had a number of benefits, peculiarly the 20 per cent reduction of birth defects of the spinal cord and the central nervous system, it still had health risks which, for me, should be greatly considered before taking in foods that are high in folic acid.In addition, counterbalance though the number of benefits outweigh the risks when consuming food that are fortified with folic acid, I debate that food manufacturers, nutritionists and members of the health sector should further conduct a collaborative and in-depth study on folic acid-fortified foods before they are made available for public consumption. The findings of the study should be then showed to the public so that people are aware(predicate) of the risks of eating too much of a certain food. Another option which I think would greatly avoid the risks of consuming food fortified with folic acid is the modification of food labeling.At present, food labeling is mandatory. However, it only shows the amount of nutrients, carbohydrates, calories, cholesterol, and other contents of the food and not the risks associated with it. I n this regard, I would recommend that food manufacturers label fortified foods which contain substances that have known health risks in such a focusing that the people or consumers can see what exactly the risks are. For example, if a food is high in folic acid, which were shown to increase the risks of colon cancer, its label should clearly indicate that too much consumption of this food can kick the bucket to the colon cancer or should at least contain a warning.Furthermore, I also believe one way to lessen the risks of consuming foods fortified with folic acid, is for the government to make the public more aware of the exact content of the food and the dangers associated with them. Nevertheless, the article stated that only those who consume too much food fortified with folic acid are at risk for colon cancer, which means that these kinds of food are comparatively safe if consumed moderately. The bottom line is people should always be aware of the exact content of the food they are eating in order to avoid possible health risks.

Hot zone

There be a number of characters in this book, choose one and circulate us why you would want to be that person. Throughout this book we are introduced to many interesting and engrossing characters but in my opinion one of the best characters in this book would have to be major(ip) Nancy Jaax. She was a veterinarian in the Army, and her work at Fort Detrick in physician often took her by from her children. Consequently, she often made up batches of meals in advance so they could easily be thawed and reheated in the microwave (Preston, 1994). She and her husband, Jerry, met in college and both became veterinarians.They eventually entered the military together as members of the Armys Veterinary Corps(Preston, 1994). They lived in Maryland with their two children, Jason and Jaime, and various pets. Nancys work took her away from her family in other respects, as well, and she missed saying goodbye to her dying father because she felt that leaving during the decontamination mission w ould be a dereliction of duty (Preston, 1994). Nancy Jaax had to foment to get into the pathology group at the United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (Preston, 1994).At that time, her experimental condition as a married female made other people feel that she was unqualified for the mull over and that she would panic in a dire situation. The military at that time was still a in truth male-oriented organization. In addition, Nancy had bad reactions to the vaccinations necessary to enter the program (Preston, 1994). She actually wanted to get into the Level 4, or the highest-risk part of the program, because there is no vaccine for those agents. Finally, Nancys hands tended to move very quickly, and that made others nervous (Preston, 1994).When individuals cargo deck sharp instruments that could be contaminated witn virus-intested b everyone wants to believe that his or ner partner is going to handle these instruments safely. over the course of time, Nancy battled through each of these objections. She studied martial arts to control her movements, and at 5 feet, 4 inches, she could knock a 6-foot-tall man to the ground easily (Preston, 1994). Getting accepted into the program also include her standing up for herself to the colonel in charge of the program (Preston, 1994).She proved her desire and her competency, and by the time of the irruption at the play family in Reston, Nancy Jaax had been promoted to the Chief of Pathology at USAMRIID Preston, 1994). 2. In your opinion did the regime react appropriately when they decided to destroy the monkeys in Reston? Why or why not? In my opinion, yes the government did react appropriately when they decided to destroy the monkeys in Reston. The monkeys at a research facility were infect with a strain of Ebola.The military, along with the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), takes on the task of entering the monkey house and destroying the animals in an attempt to keep the virus from Jumping into the human population and causing a potentially worldwide crisis (Preston, 1994). The entire facility must be treated as a Hot Zone, and hundreds of monkeys are killed. Scares abound throughout the procedure one womans ventilated suit runs out of battery power, a monkey thought to be unconscious wakes up on the operating table while it is being euthanized and tries to grip a soldier, and tears occur in various members space suits

Human Adjustment

If the motives of organisms were al bingle immediately and easily satisfied, there would be no urgency for sicment. Various hindrances, however, tend to thwart the look satisf save of motives. A dog whitethorn non find food available and ready to be eaten every time that the pangs of hunger assail.The human, impelled by such motives as those of mastery or discoverionate approval, is frequently unable to reduce his drives immediately. He receives with thwarting in the cook of material obstacles, of competition from other(a)(a) similarly motivated case-by-cases, and of hindrances resulting from his own want of ability. But a strong motive, once kindle, tends to musical accompaniment the separate in a state of activity. Stimulated by the drive- tension, the item-by-item makes one reaction after nigh early(a) until at length some response is found which leave alone reduce the drive.This exploratory activity which begins when a drive is aroused and ends when the driv e is extinguished s believably the nigh general pattern of creature and human behaviour. It may be termed the adjustment process. NORMAL AND ABNORMAL MODES OF ADJUSTMENT PROCESS There be three main elements in the process of adjustment. A. Motive. The process of adjustment begins with some inspiration or need present in an individual. B. Thwarting Conditions. If environmental factors do non hinder the fulfillment of need, adjustment probably comes about and there be no problems.But thwarting circumstances steer forward the process of adjustment. C. wide-ranging responses. In the return of non-fulfillment of needs, an individual reacts in m both shipway. These responses can be normal as tumefy as abnormal. As a result of these reactions, the individual makes an adjustment with his environment. The process of adjustment begins with inspiration. Inspiration is objective-oriented. As a result, individual performs activities aimed at the objective. M both a time obstruction s confront these activities.These obstruction evoke variant responses in different individuals, the response may vary for trying work harder to giving it up to thought an alternative plan to meet the objective. Evaluations of an individuals mortalality adjustment can be done as per the pursuance criteria a. Balance of record. The main criterion of individualality adjustment is the formulation of constitution. All the mental faculties like intelligence, emotions, desires and close be fully dissembled in it and these function in unison.A well-developed temper is flexible, determined and cohesive. The ability to adjust is proportionate to the integration of character. An individual with well-balanced individualisedity is balanced and realistic. He is not easily overturn by failures an disappointments, and his emotions, needs, thoughts ND other mental activities are withal balanced. On the other hand, a upset individuals genius is imbalanced. His heart is devoid of peac e and he deprives others too of their peace. B. Minimal tension. Another sign of well-adjusted personality is minimal tension.Non-fulfillment of needs gives rise to tension. This tension lasts till needs are fulfilled. In other words,the adjustment of an individual can be gauged from the amount of tension he has. C. Harmony between demand and Environment. The amount of harmony is directly proportionate to the amount of adjustment. An individual with a well-adjusted personality keep his needs and desires in consonance with the state of his environment and alters his environment according to the demand of his needs. Thus achieving mutual adjustment from both the sides accounts more success.Five groups of adjusting responses may be distinguished on this basis. These groups represent only a convenient arrangement arising from the practical necessity of do some division. They should not be interpreted as fundament exclusivelyy distinct instances of adjustment. 1 . Adjustment by defen se. This adjustment mechanisms characterized by excessively aggressive conduct, unremarkably involving group participation ofttimes of an undesirable or anti well-disposed character. The defense mechanisms, by reducing the misgiving tensions and satisfying the original drives, lead to an adjustment of a sort.Since all persons return* deficiencies of varying degrees, defensive behavior is a normal and almost universal human trait. Only when defense mechanisms become exaggerated in character and excessive in scope do they present serious mental problems. 2. Adjustment by withdrawing. This is considered the defensive adjustments that how a marked failure to participate in social activity, either in the form of passive exclusiveness or of active refusal. These are usually accompanied by substitute satisfactions of an individual and symbolic sort in the form of fantasy.Another way in which many individuals respond to thwarting is by retreating from the maculations in which they expe rience adjusting difficulty. Withdrawing is a normal form of adjustment in a statistical sense, for a good deal all persons make use of it to some extent. Exclusiveness, like all other forms of defense, is a maladjustment only in reapportion to the degree of its employment, being normal when it does not seriously interfere with an individuals social effectiveness, pathological when he withdraws to such an extent as to affect his perception of reality.The exclusive type of adjustment originates from the same psychological pattern as do the other types. Confronted with the frustration of some strong motive, the individual makes varying responses until some form of behavior is discovered that will reduce his emotional tensions. In many instances the satisfying action is found in exclusiveness and timidity which are voiding responses to the stimuli responsible for the maladjustment. The exclusive behavior is adjusting, for by avoiding the attempt to cope with his environment, the indiv idual eliminates the possibility of failure.The logic of exclusiveness is that, by not trying, failure is avoided. In the early or varied response stage of adjustment to thwarting, it is typical for the reaction of timidity to replenishment with the more aggressive types of defense. For an individual to be shy and exclusive at one moment, and to be intrepid and overbearing in the next, very much seems inconsistent, but it has psychological coherence since both forms of response indicate attitudes of lower rank and fears of social criticism.Since shy and withdrawing persons are not as much of a nuisance to those around them as are the more aggressive individuals, their maladjustments a good deal flight notice* This is especially likely to be rightful(a) of school children, for teachers quickly discover the annoyingly active child who compensates, rationalizes or lies, plot the withdrawing youngster is often considered as a model of perfect deportment. For the same reasons, th e seriousness and extent of outdrawing forms of adjustment is usually chthonianestimated by teachers and parents. 3. Adjustments involving fear and repression.Although fear is a factor in all maladjustments, it appears with special prominence in phobias, which are irrational specific fears. Repression, other general characteristic of maladjustment, will withal be investigated in this section. unfaltering emotional responses of an undifferentiated character are natively elicited by stimulation to an excessively intense or tissue- injuring nature. Rather early in childhood a number of more specific emotional tatters go away from the diffused matrix of primitive emotion, this individuation arising from the operation of processes of adjustment and learning.The responses to overwhelming situations such as gimcrack noises and violent loss of support, toward which the child can make no effective adjusting response, become crystallized into the pattern of emotion, disorientation and f light that may be designated as fear. Many situations in the common experiences of older children and adults also call forth a normal fear response. In some instances fear is the response to a danger signal or symbol of impending possible injury.Because he has learned the consequences of various situations, the individual may react to the menace of prospective injury with the same emotional quality as to the injuring situation itself. The greatest number of fear experiences of normal adults probably occur in situations involving a narrow escape from catastrophe, such as occur occasionally when driving an automobile. Fear responses are most readily aroused in adults when an intense stimulation is presented very suddenly, under circumstances that permit the use of no prevalent adjustment that would enable the individual to cope with the situation.Repression as adjustment, a celestial horizonpoint which supplements the foregoing account in a valuable manner is that which regards repr ession as a variety of adjustment or species of defense mechanism. The event the memory of which is repressed was a stimulus for a fear of blame, hence when the recall occurs it acts as a symbol or substitute for the original guilt or shame-provoking situation. The fear of social disapproval thwarts one of the strongest of the common motives and therefore calls for adjusting behavior. The individual must adjust to the substitute symbol as he would to the disapproval itself. Adjustment by ailments. The most spectacular forms of adjustment are those which ape physical ailments, including pains, paralyses and cramps. These mechanisms constitute a large part of the field of the psychoneuroses and lie in the borderland between psychology and medicine. 5. Persistent nonadjustable reactions. If all forms of adjustment fail, the individual may show states of exhaustion, anxiety and nervousness which are the result of an unreduced emotional tension In Karen Horned adjustment to basic anxiet y, she has categorized three patterns or modes of adjustment 1 . endure Towards large number In this pattern of adjustment, individual moves towards people in order to satisfy his needs for affection and approval, for a dominant partner to control ones life and to live ones life within narrow limits. This is a type of person who is complaint type, who says that if I give in, I shall not be hurt. This type of person needs to be liked, hopeed, desired, loved, welcomed, approved, appreciated, to be helped, to be protected, to be formn care of and to be guided. This type of person is friendly, most of the time and represses his aggression. 2. Moving Against PeopleIn this adjustment mode, the neurotic need for power for exploitation of others is for prestige and for personal achievements are to be fulfilled, when an individual moves against people. This hostile person thinks that if he has power, no one can hurt him. 3. Moving Away from People In this adjustment mode, the neurotic ne ed for self-sufficiency, perfection, independence and UN-salability are sort. This person is a detached type, who says that if I withdraw, no issue can hurt me. These three adjustment patterns are basically are incompatible, for suit, one cannot move against, towards and way from people at the same time.The normal person has greater flexibility he uses one adjustment mode to some other as conditions and situations demand. The neurotic person cannot easily move from one adjustment mode to another, rather he is less flexible and ineffective in piteous from one adjustment mode to another. Frauds ego defense mechanisms and Karen Hornets adjustment techniques are the same. However, Karen Horned has added hardly a(prenominal) smart and usable techniques of adjustment, which are I-Blind Spots Let us take an example, you are extremely intelligent schoolchild and you responded to our teachers question very stupidly, so this experience hurts your ego.Therefore, you are going to deny i t and ignore it because it is not in accordance with your idealized self image of an intelligent person. Now this experience is a disowned one and it will reappear as a blind spot in your personality. You will not accept it and it will reappear as a problem in your personality. This is similar to Sigmund Frauds repression. 2-Rationalization It is giving good reasons or making good excuses to protect your ego. So rationalization by Freud and Horned are the same. Let us take an example A educatee arks very hard for his CSS exam but fails in it.He says, l dont want to be a civil servant, all civil servants are corrupt since I am an square person I do not want to be a civil servant. The storey of the fox and the grapes is another example of rationalization. 3-Excessive Self-Control Excessive self-control is actually rigid self-control at all costs. It is guarding ones self against anxiety by controlling, any expression of emotion. In real life a puritan character has been created who maintains tight emotional control under all circumstances. Example An individual under extreme grief and depression expresses no emotion.An individual under state of extreme happiness shows no emotion. 4-compartmentalizing It means dividing your life in to various compartments one set of rules controls one compartment and another set of rules controls another compartment. For example, a teacher does not permit his students to cheat in the class, but the same teacher bit playing a game of cards cheats with his colleagues. So there is one set of rules which applies to one compartment and another set of rules which applies to another compartment of his personality. 5 Sterilization Sterilization is similar to Frauds projection.In projection, individual blames others for his own shortcoming. For example, a student did not prepare for his exams properly, and after getting a low grade, would say, the teacher was against me or the question subject was out of the course, instead of seein g the fact that the preparation was insufficient. Our team lost the match, because the umpire was against us while the fact is that our penalty corner conversion was poor. 6- Arbitrary Rightness To the person utilizing this adjustment technique, the worst thing a person can be is indecisive or ambiguous.When issues arise that have no come about solution one way or the other, the person arbitrarily chooses one solution, thereby ending grapple. An example would be when a mother says Youre not going out Friday night and thats the end of it A person using this adjustment will arrive at a position and when doing so all debate ends. The position the person takes becomes the truth and therefore cannot be challenged. The person no longer needs to refer about what is right and wrong or what is certain and uncertain. 7 Elusiveness This technique is the opposite of arbitrary rightness.The rugged person neer makes decision about anything. If one is never committed to anything, one can nev er be wrong, and if one is never wrong, one can never be criticized. If a person decides to go to college and fails, there is no excuse. If, however, the decision to go to college is delayed, because of lack of money, or any other reason, this technique is called elusiveness, where the person never makes a decision about anything. 8 Cynicism Cynics are individuals who do not believe in the value of anything rather they try to make every individual realize the meaninglessness of their goals and objectives.Karen Horned believed that Cynics are individuals who derive pleasure by making an individual realize that he is worthless and his goals and aims in life are meaningless. Personality Disorders DEFINITION Personality is ones set of stable, predictable emotional and behavioral traits. Personality distracts involve deeply ingrained, inflexible patterns of relating to others that are maladaptive and cause significant impairment in social or occupational functioning. The disorders incl ude marked limitations in problem solving and low stress tolerance.Patients with personality disorders lack insight bout their problems their symptoms are either ego-synoptic or viewed as immutable. They have a rigid view of themselves and others and around their fixed patterns have little insight. Patients with personality disorders are vulnerable to developing symptoms of Axis I disorders during stress. Personality disorders are Axis II diagnoses. Many people have odd tendencies and quirks these are not pathological unless they cause significant distress or impairment in daily functioning. diagnosis AND ADSM-IV CRITERIA 1 . conception of behavior/inner experience that deviates from the persons culture and is manifested in two or more of the undermentioned ways _ Cognition Affect Personal relations Impulse control 2. The pattern Is pervasive and info pardonable in a broad range of situations _ Is stable and has an onset no later than adolescence or early adulthood _ -?+ signific ant distress in functioning _ Is not accounted for by another mental/ health check illness or by use of a substance The international prevalence of personality disorders is 6%.Personality disorders vary by gender. Many patients with personality disorders will meet the criteria for more than one disorder. They should be classified as having all of the disorders for which they qualify. CLUSTERS Personality disorders are divided into three clusters Cluster A-? schizophrenic, psychotically, and paranoid Patients seem part, odd, or withdrawn. _ Familial association with psychotic disorders. Cluster a-?antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic emotional, dramatic, or inconsistent. Familial association with mood disorders.Cluster C-?avoiding, dependent, and psychoneurotic or fearful. Patients seem Patients seem anxious _ Familial association with anxiety disorders. Personality disorder not otherwise specific deed (NOSE) includes disorders that do not fit onto cluster A, B, or C (including passive-aggressive personality disorder and depressive personality disorder). Personality disorder criteria-? CAPRI Cognition Personal Relations ETIOLOGY _ Biological, genetic, and psychosocial factors during childhood and adolescence impart to the development of personality disorders. The prevalence of personality disorders in minimization twins is several times higher(prenominal) than in dogmatic twins. TREATMENT _ Personality disorders are generally very dif cult to treat, especially since hardly a(prenominal) patients are aware that they need help. The disorders tend to be chronic and feeling. _ In general, pharmacological treatment has modified usefulness (see individual exceptions below) except in treating coexisting symptoms of depression, anxiety, and the like. _ Psychotherapy and group therapy are usually the most helpful.Cluster A These patients are perceived as eccentric or hermetic by others and can have symptoms that meet criteria for psychosis PARANOI D temperament DISORDER (PDP) Patients with PDP have a pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others and often interpret motives as malevolent. They tend to blame their own problems on others and seem angry and hostile. They are often characterized as being pathologically jealous, which leads them to think that their sexual partners or spouses are cheating on them. diagnosing requires a general distrust of others, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts. At least four of the following must also be present 1 . Suspicion (without evidence) that others are exploiting or deceiving him or her. 2. Preoccupation with doubts of loyalty or trustworthiness of acquaintances. 3. Reluctance to moderate De in others. 4. Interpretation of benign remarks as threatening or demeaning. 5. Persistence of grudges. 6. Perception of attacks on his or her character that are not apparent to others quick to counterattack. 7. Recurrence of suspicions regarding FL delimit of spouse or lover.DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS _ Paranoid schizophrenia Unlike patients with schizophrenia, patients with paranoid personality disorder do not have any fixed delusions and are not honestly psychotic, although they may have transient psychosis under stressful situations. _ affable disenfranchisement and social isolation Without a social support system, persons can react with suspicion to others. The differential in favor of the diagnosis can be dad by the assessment of others in close middleman with the person, who identify what they consider as excess suspicion, etc. move AND PROGNOSIS _ Some patients with PDP may eventually be diagnosed with schizophrenia. _ The disorder usually has a chronic course, causing lifelong marital and Job-related problems. Psychotherapy is the treatment of choice. Patients may also benefit from antiquity medications or short course of antispasmodics for transient psychosis. SCHIZOID PERSONALITY DISORDER Patients with schizoid personality disorder hav e a lifelong pattern of social withdrawal. They are often perceived as eccentric and reclusive. They are quiet and unsociable and have a constricted affect. They have no desire for close relationships and prefer to be alone.Unlike with avoiding personality disorder, patients with schizoid personality disorder prefer to be alone. A pattern of voluntary social withdrawal and restricted range of emotional expression, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety contexts. _ Four or more of the following must also be present 1 . Neither enjoying nor desiring close relationships (including family) 2. Generally choosing solitary activities 3. midget (if any) interest in sexual activity with another person 4. Taking pleasure in few activities (if any) 5. Few close friends or confidants (if any) 6. Indifference to praise or criticism 7.Emotional coldness, detachment, or flattened affect _ Paranoid schizophrenia Unlike patients with schizophrenia, patients with schizoid personality disorder do not have any fixed delusions, although these may exist transiently in some patients. _ Psychotically personality disorder Patients with schizoid personality disorder do not have the same eccentric behavior or magical intellection seen in patients with psychotically personality disorder. Psychotically patients are more similar to schizophrenic patients in terms of odd perception, thought, and behavior. COURSE Usually chronic course, but not always lifelong.Similar to paranoid personality disorder Psychotherapy is the treatment of choice group therapy is often beneficial. _ Low- dose antispasmodics (short course) if transiently psychotic, or antidepressants if combine major depression is diagnosed. PSYCHOTICALLY PERSONALITY DISORDER Patients with psychotically personality disorder have a pervasive pattern of eccentric behavior and peculiar thought patterns. They are often perceived as strange and eccentric. The disorder was developed out of the observance that certain fa mily traits predominate in FL rest-degree relatives with schizophrenia.A pattern of social deaf cists marked by eccentric behavior, cognitive or perceptual distortions, and discomfort with close relationships, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts. _ Five or more of the following must be present 1 . Ideas of reference (excluding delusions of reference) 2. Odd beliefs or magical thinking, inconsistent with cultural norms 3. Unusual perceptual experiences (such as corporal illusions) 4. Suspiciousness 5. Inappropriate or restricted affect . Odd or eccentric appearance or behavior 7. Few close friends or confine daunts 8. Odd thinking or speech (vague, stereotyped, etc) 9.Excessive social anxiety Magical thinking may include Belief in clairvoyance or telepathy Bizarre fantasies or preoccupations Belief in superstitions Odd behaviors may include involvement in cults or strange religious practices. _ Paranoid schizophrenia Unlike patients with schizophrenia, patients with psychotically personality disorder are not frankly psychotic (though they can become transiently so under stress), nor do they have fixed delusions. _ schizoid personality crosier Patients with schizoid personality disorder do not have the same eccentric behavior seen in patients with psychotically personality disorder. Course is chronic or patients may eventually develop schizophrenia. Personality type for a patient with schizophrenia. Performed Psychotherapy is the treatment of choice to help develop social skills training. pitiful course of low-dose antispasmodics if necessary (for transient psychosis). Antispasmodics may help decrease social anxiety and suspicion in interpersonal relationships. Cluster B Includes antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders.These patients are often emotional, impulsive, and dramatic Patients diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder show superficial conformity to social norms but are exploitive of others and break rules to meet their own needs. Lack empathy and compassion lack remorse for their actions. They are impulsive, deceitful, and often violate the law. They are virtuoso(prenominal) at reading social cues and appear charming and normal to others who meet them for the FL rest time and do not know their history. Pattern of disregard for others and violation of the rights of others since age 15.Patients must be at least 18 years old for this diagnosis history of behavior as a child/ insubstantial must be consistent with conduct disorder _ Three or more of the following should be present 1. Failure to conform to social norms by committing unlawful acts 2. Deceitfulness/ repeated lying/manipulating others for personal gain 3. Impulsively/failure to plan ahead 4. Irritability and aggressiveness/repeated FL sights or assaults 5. recklessness and disregard for safety of self or others 6. Irresponsibility/failure to sustain work or applaud FL uncial obligations 7. Lack of remorse for actionsDrug maltreat It is necessary to ascertain which came FL rest. Patients who began abusing drugs before their antisocial behavior started may have behavior attributable to the effects of their addiction. Usually has a chronic course, but some advantage of symptoms may occur as the patient ages. _ Many patients have multiple somatic complaints, and coexistence of substance abuse and/or major depression is common. _ There is t morbidity from substance abuse, trauma, suicide, or homicide. Symptoms of antisocial personality disorder-?