Disparity and Discrimination in the Criminal Justice System Today Essay Example

Disparity and Discrimination in the Criminal Justice System Today Essay Disparity and Discrimination in the Criminal Justice System Today Kimberly Acreman Cultural Diversity in Criminal Justice CJA/423 Brian Bugge January 25, 2010 Today’s criminal justice system encounters several difficult and problematic circumstances. However, the following paper will refer to involvement in disparity and discrimination within court procedures and law enforcement. Each situation discussed will pertain to disparity and discrimination within today’s criminal justice system. In some situations disparity can result from discrimination. The following paper will provide examples, definitions, contrast of disparity and discrimination, and comparison. Disparity is based on two elements known as legal and extralegal and do not mean discrimination exactly. The legal element supplies lawful explanations for decisions based on one’s criminal behavior and record. For instance, in court when determining a sentence or amount of time one should receive for breaking the law by burglary, rape, murder, etc. Another instance, law enforcement officials arrest an individual for burglary based on the individual’s past criminal history, and the fact that the individual was not far from the scene of crime. The extralegal element contains gender, lifestyle, class status, and nationality. However, these particular elements are not lawful basis for determinations. For instance, in court the determination of sentencing for individual to serve will not be based on nationality, but rather on statics of the population and community; as well as the appearance of the individual. We will write a custom essay sample on Disparity and Discrimination in the Criminal Justice System Today specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Disparity and Discrimination in the Criminal Justice System Today specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Disparity and Discrimination in the Criminal Justice System Today specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In result, discrimination constitutes a different approach or determination against individuals based on nationality, religion, class status, etc. Discrimination is composed of four types known as systematic, contextual, institutionalized, and individual discriminating acts. Systematic is the discrimination within the criminal justice system, contextual pertains to particular crimes, institutionalized pertains to the criminal record and behavior, and finally the individual acts of discrimination is the individual’s own actions. For instance, law enforcement officials notice a woman on a street that is known for prostitution but what the law enforcement officials do not know is the woman is walking home from the bar. The law enforcement officials pull over, stop the woman, and arrest her based on the outfit she is wearing. Therefore, the result was based on the woman’s appearance and location she must be a prostitute. Another instance of discrimination would be a Middle Eastern woman who is accused of making terroristic threats. The judge does not base his decision on lack or quality of evidence, but rather bases his decision on nationality and history. Therefore, the judge decided the Middle Eastern woman was guilty based on assumptions or stereotypes of Middle Eastern individuals. The end of result of the judge’s determination led to people on the outside looking in and wondering if we as a country have any unity among individuals of different nationalities. Therefore, when comparing disparity and discrimination they are alike because they both focus on sentencing an individual for a crime committed either in court or by arrest. Both disparity and discrimination assist in determining on whether or not an individual is guilty or an assumption that an individual is guilty. When contrasting disparity and discrimination an individual is sentenced on a separate scale that is typically harsher. Discrimination separates into several difficult situations that compare to disparity, but are limited in the area. Discrimination can be possible and yet ending in results. However, they are not the same. Therefore, we can decrease the chance of discrimination by making sure that all laws are applied equally to all individuals who break them. If an African American is arrested and charged for a drug offense, and it is their first offense then the individual should receive the same sentence determination as any other individual with regard to their personal criminal history and the seriousness of the crime. What many people ponder about is how can just as many white people deal drugs as African Americans, but yet they receive unequal and unfair punishments with one another. Therefore, constant and consistent punishments are crucial to decline disparity and maybe even deduct the belief that our system discriminates. The biggest obstacle will be to make sure that all local and state departments come together to reach a solution that everyone can agree with. This is the biggest obstacle because every area from rural to urban to city have their own crimes that they are tougher and more lenient on. However, it is these particular inconsistencies that fault our system and makes people whole heartedly believe that our system discriminates (2006, Rivera). In closing, discriminating situations do happen within our justice system, and it is crucial for our system that reform is developed. Without some come of reform that focuses on racial disparities within our system the next generation of prisoners will be created. Therefore, reform is crucial to cease any disparities and discrimination within our system to resolve the particular issues pertaining to disparity and discrimination. Reference Rivera, B (2006, March 15) Disparity verses Discrimination in the Justice System. Retrieved January 23, 2010 from: http://www. associatedcontent. com/article/23944/disparity_vs_discrimination_in_the_pg3 [The abbreviation for page in an in-text citation is p. ] . html

Understanding Technology Assessment essays

Understanding Technology Assessment essays The purpose of this report are intend to describe WHAT is Technology Assessment, HOW it was evolved, and justifications on WHY theres needs for Technology Assessment. The report briefly covers the definition of the major Technology Assessment paradigms, and attempt to analyze the differences between Eijndhoven and J. Schot/A. Rips views on Constructive Technology Assessment (CTA) paradigm. Four major technology assessment tools and methods will also be introduced together with its useful applications and limitations. The last section of the report deals with how different engineering disciplines incorporate technology assessment into their decision-making processes with real examples from todays engineering world. The section finishes with judgments on how far are we in incorporating CTA into decision-making processes, and whats the future holds for current technology assessment paradigms. Why do we need technology assessment? Why technology assessment is considered to be an essential part of todays modern engineering activity and technological development? Because being an engineer we are not only engineering the technology but we are also engineering the society. And often, many of the negative and undesirable byproducts of such activities are being poured into our society due to the lack of insight investigation. Engineers also have to realize that technology is not simply the rational product of scientists and engineers. It is often the product of the public perceptions and speculation[1]. Technical artifacts and process do not operate in a vacuum. [1] During the early stage of the technology assessments establishment, the motives behind it were to serve as an early warning system intended for decision-makers to avoid unwanted side effects from the new the technologies [2]. But it was then realized the early warning system lacked nei...

Trends Related To the Social, Economic, Technological, Competitive, Assignment

Trends Related To the Social, Economic, Technological, Competitive, and Regulatory Forces that Relate to the Product or Service - Assignment Example According to the research findings, it can, therefore, be said that economic factors include interest rates, taxation changes, economic growth, inflation and exchange rates. The current economic slowdown ensures that clients will start focusing on alternatives which will save their energy bill in the long run. It has been observed that new technologies create new products and new processes. It may be observed here that solar installations have become must more cost-efficient in the least efficient. Continuous R&D has also ensured that cost of production of other energy conserving products has gone down. Greenomics has a distinct first-mover advantage as the market is still new for players to come in and set up shop. Since it is a very new market, Greenomics may enjoy unique benefits while negotiating with its suppliers and end clients. Regulatory factors are the biggest positives that Greenomics have and will continue to, encounter in their quest. With the current global trend favori ng carbon credit regulations and the move towards the ‘Green Office’, clients seem to be lined up for Greenomics! The most important factor that needs consideration while calculating the target market for Greenomics is the fact that the concept of a ‘Green Office’, is still a new concept. So there are no set benchmarks, no set pattern and no established rules concerning the use of energy efficient techniques. The market for Greenomics will consist of all interested in having in place energy-conserving techniques at a place. The initial customers will be comprised of offices who are interested in saving money on the power bill in the long run. A more conscious clientele will, however, emerge, who are concerned about the immense environmental costs associated with traditional energy and thus focus on better and more efficient methods.

Age of Enlightenment and How It Affected Art Essay

Age of Enlightenment and How It Affected Art - Essay Example As the paper highlights Painting revolved during this time following the emergence of Rococo art that replaced the then popular baroque art. It was mainly concerned with the emphasis on airy grace and refined pleasures of boudoir and the salon, porcelain and delicate jewelries, artful dances, wooded scenes and women, especially women in the nude. Moreover, rococo painters specialized in other areas like portraiture, displaying aristocratic subjects in their finery, beautified and idealized on their canvas. An example of a rococo painting was that of Watteau Antoine that blended a lot of fantasy with heightened observations of nature. The painting conveyed and portrayed the ease, as well as, the lavishness of French court life. Watteau was succeeded in the painting job by several other Europeans. Jean Fragonard and Francois Boucher were his French successors. There were also Italian painters like Giovanni Tiepolo who also displaying rococo influences. There were some paintings, mainly from England, which lacked rococo frivolity. However, most English painters were influenced by the style; among them were Thomas Gainsborough and Reynolds Joshua. One of the current examples of early painting is the London Street scenes done by one of the English painters, William Hogarth. Another one is Francisco Goyas court portraits existing in Spain. In conclusion, art, as part of science, developed during the enlightenment age. It was facilitated by individuals and the societies which knew the importance artistic works.

Literacy Part B Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Literacy Part B - Essay Example While people in younger age brackets have led part or all of their lives with computers at work, school, and home, the elderly have simply not grown up with the computer and the online community. Even so, studies have shown that computer and Internet interest levels among the elderly and younger people are identical (Czaja, 1997). Social stereotyping by a younger population has assumed that the elderly have no interest in becoming wired, and the interpretation of elderly feelings of uncertainty and self consciousness concerning computer use has been interpreted as techno-phobia by the younger population. For years, the elderly population has largely been â€Å"written off† by those who could have otherwise intervened more positively. Consultation with the librarian revealed that Mukilteo Library’s main users are the elderly and teens. Teens may have the chance to learn information literacy and information technology through their school or school libraries. However, the elderly have a very low chance to learn these skills, and moreover Mukilteo city and library have no senior centers or services for seniors in Mukilteo and the surrounding communities. Mukilteo Library serves approximately 2,000 elderly in the city of Mukilteo (U.S. Census Bureau). Although it is the responsibility of Mukilteo Library to serve not only the senior population, but the community population as well, only the senior population is relevant for the purpose of this assignment. Mukilteo Library will design three-part training workshop which is aimed at elderly people, age 65 and older; who have had little or no previous exposure to computers and the World Wide Web. This workshop will be held in a classroom setting, in the computer lab, as will the lab portion. These courses will consist of one hour long sessions held once a week for three weeks. Throughout the three

Problem Statement Of Telecom Technologies

Problem Statement Of Telecom Technologies The history of telephony took birth in 1876 when Graham Bell succeeded in making first ever voice transmission; then we observed 1st public cellular phone in 1946 and the introduction of the very first commercial mobile network in 1992. Weve been moving forward, making great discoveries all along, making innovations in different technologies, disciplines and life styles. 1992 was a start of the speech transmission now which stands as a perfect master piece of art and is ready to take a jump into the hyper connectivity. We have jumped into a BW hungry population which have ensued in overturning the technologies and the mobile telephony is no exception to that. Infact data requirement now explicates major revenue pours in any modern mobile network, so we are always hunting for methods to heighten and step-up the data rates. From the infancy mobile networks in 1992 grew to a developed network into the 2nd Generation then 2.5th Generation networks. Then we observed a transition from GSM technology to UMTS or WCDMA. That was called as 3rd Generation Technology. 1.2 Problem Statement Progression in telecom technologies has become an unavoidable phenomenon. Telecom markets are reshaping themselves into 3G networks. 3G UMTS/WCDMA licensing and spectrum auctioning has happened in all the major markets including the developing economies similar to Pakistan. There are almost over 405 million UMTS/WCDMA subscribers in 320 networks in over 130 countries. This number is growing at an exponential pace as more and more networks embrace this technology. However, Pakistan has unfortunately delayed the 3G licensing and spectrum auction now for over 3 years and is lagging behind in offering broadband and other consumer oriented EM (electronic mobile) applications such as health, education, commerce, video conferencing over its mobile networks. While, the importance of 3G licensing is a key aspect from the consumer point of view but an early adoption by the operators could have resulted in less capex and opex today since most of the sites especially in the larger cities are for providing excess Voice Data capacity which could have been avoided by deployment of 3G networks While, some of the operators are still resisting the 3G licensing but most of them have shown this resistance due to likely higher Spectrum Fee being envisaged by the Government for 3G. The Operators are of the view that the spectrum should be offered at cheaper tariff so that investment goes into infrastructure and not licensing. The other issue confronting the regulator and policy makers is whether to open up the process to new players or limit the auction to only the existing operators. To Identify and Analyse Impediments of 3rd Generation Telecommunication Technology to Develop Remedial Measures for its Early Deployment in Pakistan 1.3 Objectives of Thesis To study Mobile Wireless Technologies To Study and Analyze Market and Consumer Requirements for 3G To Study and Analyze the current Telecommunication Policies, Rules and Regulations with regards to the adoption and implementation of Technologies To identify Impediments (Issues and Challenges) in deployment 3G (Conclusions) To present Measures and Recommendations for early deployment of 3G in Pakistan 1.4 Significance of Research Due to consistent and unwavering growth patterns Pakistan Mobile Industry has achieved land mark of 100 million subscribers at the end of July 2010. In order to make the sector more efficient in utilizing the telecom resources, PTA has implemented the infrastructure sharing SOPs, which will not only make the operators more efficient but also would give them huge cost saving and reduce environmental hazards in the country. The much awaited 3G licensing is just around the corner, where all the necessary work has been completed and the Authority is waiting for a policy by the Government of Pakistan to initiate the licensing process. In continuation to its efforts PTA has been arranging seminars on 3G for creating awareness about the 3G services and to foresee and discuss the challenges that the industry may face with the introduction of 3G services. 3G is known as Third generation telecommunication technology as specified in the ITU standards. Unveiling of this technology has chipped in a new driving force to the mobile concepts. It now extends the user, a broad array of facilities. The most significant among them is the efficient use of the spectrum. Ameliorated efficiency in the system has bestowed upon the availability of broadband internet in the cellular phone. This remarkable invention has also made it possible to accomplish extended wireless telephony, broadband internet and video calls in the cell phone. Strictly speaking, the 3G technology has overturned the requirements to make it a complete, compact device by providing multifaceted applications. Using internet on the 3G phone has established a new attribute to the all-pervasive internet usage. The 3G technology has successfully attained faster service facilities. Development of a website or making a blog is now simpler then ever before. Desktops, due to its static nature have certain limitations. While mobile phone could accomplish the same result as its similitude, it was a good change for the consumers. Impact of this new technology in the cell phone sphere will be satisfying. Mobile phone industry is functioning in a superb competitive environment. By use of this technology, the user can browse internet and find an online dealer to purchase the products. Other fields that have profited from this technology are; online entertainment, messaging, news and security. 1.5 Limitations of the Research Though Officials of PTA were very accommodative and provided with the thorough and comprehensive information about upcoming 3G technology but all was an unofficial version moreover they were hesitant to provide with the definite PTA policy on the adoption of 3G. Due to rivalry and cutthroat competition among the Mobile Telecom Operators, access to their information regarding up gradation or operational readiness of 3G infrastructure was somewhat inaccessible. 1.6 Research Methodology 1.6.1 Phase 1 Initially Problem was identified, Despite having second highest teledensity, Pakistan is the only country left in the region to deploy 3G Technology 1.6.2 Phase 2 In the second phase it was compulsory to get to know about the 3G technology right from the scratch to learn its economics over the existing technologies. We studied the architecture of the mobile networks of all the technologies from 1G to 3G consulting the web (thanks to the web inventors), the published white papers and the Books on Wireless Technology. 1.6.3 Phase 3 In this phase we paid visits to PTA, FAB and the Mobile Operators, and were able to get unofficial version of their views regarding deployment of long awaited 3G technology in Pakistan. Moreover we pondered over the case studies of different countries who adopted 3G technology. Example in hand is India. 1.6.4 Phase 4 While studying the international trend towards 3G we made a compared the statistics of the market and consumers of Pakistan and more over had a look into the concerns of the regulatory body and the mobile operators. 1.6.5 Phase 5 We then analysed the situation and came up with certain issues / concerns of the government, the mobile operators and the consumers. A solution representing remedial measures have been highlighted, following which will address the issues and create a roadmap for early adoption of 3G technology as there is lot of potential for the operators as well the government to earn fortune. 1.7 Structure of the Thesis Introduction (Chapter-1) In this chapter Introduction and Background along with significance of research, limitations and methodology has been highlighted. Literature Review (Chapter-2) In this chapter Mobile Wireless Technologies including 3G have been thoroughly deliberated upon with an over view on technologies beyond 3G. Analysis and Discussions (Chapter-3-6) In these chapters Consumer Market and Regulations have been dwelled upon to find out the impediments delaying the adoption of 3G in Pakistan. Epilogue (Chapter-7-8) In these chapters we have put across recommendations to the Government and the Operators to address the issues highlighted and pave a smooth way to adoption of the next generation telecommunication technology.

English Transformation Practice Essay Essay

Composers often use different methods to portray similar ideas to their audience. How have the two texts you have studied reflect the same ideas in different ways?  Shakespeare’s Taming of the Shrew and Jill Junge’s 10 Things I Hate about You are examples of where composers have used different methods to portray similar ideas to their audience. This essay will compare the three common themes the texts share, including marriage and dating, deception and disguise and the role and hierarchy of women in society. By comparing the dramatic and film techniques used in each of these respective texts, the common themes are expressed in their individual ways which ultimately are able to engage their audiences. Traditionally, economics and financial gain have been the more important aspect in relationships, especially marriage, as opposed to love. The marriage and dating customs of society have remained relatively similar overtime. In Taming of the Shrew, the audience is given an exclusive view into what marriage meant to society and individuals of the Elizabethan period. William Shakespeare conveyed how marriage as a financial gain was specifically applied to peoples during his era in Taming of the Shrew, where in Act 1 Scene 2, Petruchio and his servant Grumio visit Hortensio’s house. Petruchio boldly announces his quest to wed a rich wife. â€Å"†¦I come to wive it wealthily in Padua, if wealthily then happily in Padua.† Such a blunt statement clearly shows Petruchio’s ‘gold digger’ of a personality and his values when it comes to marriage, most likely influenced by the society he lives in. When Hortensio refers Petruchio to Katherina as part of a devious scheme for Bianca, the dramatic irony only further enhances how when it comes to women, men of Petruchio’s standard prioritize marriage as a financial transaction first, then their own feelings or even the feelings of the intended and that the view of the female is not taken into account. In this way, Shakespeare is able to demonstrate the value of marriage and by comparing this to 10 Things I Hate about you, it is evident that the same values still apply. The modern day teenage filmic text is still able to portray marriage and dating mostly as a profitable process through a different setting. When Joey asked Patrick to take out Kat, again, for his own warped benefit, including the punchline that if Patrick were to make Kat his own problem, a generous compensation would be rewarded, Patrick immediately becomes interested. â€Å"†¦you’re going to pay me to take out some chick? How much?†. This question highlights Patrick’s cleverly concealed interest in this deal because it ultimately involves money. Throughout this scene, Joey is seen mostly cast in sunlight, which suggests an almost innocent like motive to his request, where as Patrick is seemingly more of the selfish, sullen and nasty party in his business deal, because it is all for money, and he is completely disregarding or holding no respect for what Kat’s opinion and emotions might be on this matter if she heard of it. Jill Junge also makes effective use of medium shots, where the surly facial expressions of Patrick and arrogant body language of Joey and Patrick can be observed in more detail during their conversation. It also shows the reactions and emotions of them both whilst finalizing their business deal. The camera works and techniques of Jill Junge in this scene evidently express the monetary benefits of marriage and dating throughout time, from Shakespeare’s time well into the modern day. Deception and disguise in the two set texts involves harmlessly deceiving one, or multitudes of people by impersonating someone, or good at something they’re in actual fact not, the result of which is gaining something in personal value. Shakespeare expresses his interpretation of deception and disguise through Act I Scene II where upon arrival in Padua Lucentio and Tranio swap identities with each other as part of the plan to capture Bianca’s heart. Tranio assures â€Å"†¦when I am alone, why then I am Tranio, but in all places else, your master Lucentio.† Master and servant are well disguised as someone they’re not, and the chess pieces are set. Furthermore, Baptista, Bianca, Petruchio and the others of the story are deceived by the role swapping of Lucentio and Tranio. Again, the use of dramatic irony further increases the ‘masquerade’ atmosphere developing in this scene, thus supporting the theme of deception and disguise, for masquerades often involve not knowing the identity of anyone as their face is so effectively shielded with masks. Shakespeare cleverly inserts the concept of deception and disguise within his play that it becomes an important and crucial element to the plot, and when compared back to 10 Things I Hate about You, deception and disguise is another important and crucial element to the plot.

Politics and Accounting Standards Essay

Politics and Accounting Standards Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The growth of an enterprise is very important for both internal and external stakeholders. It can be expressed by showing the true and fair view of a company using the financial reports that shows the actual capital allocation of the enterprise. Therefore, financial accounting is very important and it enhances the success of the business. In this context, both the definition and the body that is involved in setting the standard are important in helping to understand clearly the meaning of financial accounting. Financial accounting is the process of preparing and establishing a report on the financial information of an enterprise (.Ball, Ray, 2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It also shows the true and fair view of the financial statements which are cash flow statement, balance sheet and profit and loss statement. These statements are very essential for the enterprise stakeholders. Financial accounting takes into consideration the management of the business for example, its assets, liabilities and capital(Ball, Ray, 2006). Furthermore, it states its real capital and debts to enable the enterprise stakeholder evaluate the performance of the business. The true and fair view of financial accounting can be achieved by following the rules and policies that govern the people setting the rules.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The rules or rather the standards apply internationally to help ensure that the accounting standards used across the world are uniform (Armstrong, et al 2010). These are the professional regulatory bodies that are responsible for setting the standards for example the International Accounting Standards (IAS), and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) among others. The board that is responsible for setting the standard is the Financial Accounting Standard Board (FASB) among other interested parties(Ball, Ray, 2006). FASB formulates a process that is followed so that it can be able to help in setting new accounting standards. First, the board has a duty to set up a committee that prepares an outline of the task at hand. Secondly, the committee board prepares the objectives for the board comments.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   After this, the board gives its view on the task outline and then passes it to the committee which in return prepares a discussion paper which entails the committee’s statement of the application proposal standards. Eventually, the committee also obtains views from interested parties and after their view is in the favor of the principle, they go ahead in drafting an exposure and the draft is then published as the IFRS(Ball, Ray, 2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In order, for these standard to be effective and efficient, they are categorized into varies group therefore making it easy for the accounting. The IAS is classified into many classes for example,under the IAS 10, events that occur after the balance sheet date,should not be part of the balance sheet. Every company is required to prepare a balance sheet at the end of the year. Therefore, any entity trying to avoid or present a misleading financial statement is liable and the board provides the contents of the balance sheet. Under the IAS 19, which talks about retirement benefit costs, and the board takes into consideration the accounting of the benefits accruing from the retirement (Aboody, et a l 2004).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The board has a duty to see that no corruption is being practiced and therefore, companies are required to show the true and fair value in terms of the retirement costs. This prevents corruption of the prominent politicians. The IAS 17talks about accounting for leases. It is very important for a company to account for every lease taken since it is a liability. This is made possible because the board provides policies and procedures to be followed in disclosure of the account on lease. Lease is an expense for the company and if not accounted for can lead to false financial statements (Aboody, et a l, 2004).Furthermore, IAS 33talks about earnings per share,whereby all the companies are required to show their profit in terms of profit earned from share. The earning per share is used to the performance of the company which is based on the shares. It is also important for the shareholders.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Most company and influential parties do not support this standard and therefore it is criticized.IAS 39 is a financial standard which requires that accounting should have recognitionand measurement of assets as well as liabilities. It states that all the entities should take into account of all the assets, liabilities and equity of the business and no relevant material should be left out(Ball, Ray, 2006). The profit, loss and capital should be stated as they appear without any alterations. The IFRS is also divided into classes but in this context, the IFRS 13 is considered. This standard is concerned with the true and fair value of an entity (Armstrong, et al 2010). Itrequires all the entities to state real profit or loss incurred in their financial reports. However, accounting is not sparedfrom criticism and the board experience pressure for different organization that are not in agreement with the standard. Political pressure is one of t he areas whichexert pressure on the board. The standards of accounting requires the organizations or the enterprise to show the true and fair view of the performance of the business (.Ball, Ray,2006).Due to this, most business operating under a loss stand a chance to be wound up and there will be no investors interested in the business.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The political pressure that is experienced under the various accounting standards is in terms of legislations which they politicians enact. Some of the legislations contradict the accounting standards whereby businesses in a certain country are required to follow certain regulations in addition to the IAS and IFRS. This creates pressure on companies to try and evade the application of the IAS and IFRS in their reporting. The accounting standards are set to helpindicate the real performance of the business and therefore many world trading entities are affected by this since the competitors are in watch (.Ball, Ray,2006). The amendment of the standard brought about the reclassification of the IFRS and IAS so as to favor the entities that make losses in trading.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It has been noted that politicians own businesses across the world and closely monitor their businesses the best way they can so that they can make more profits (Armstrong, et al 2010). Therefore, considering that the politicians have the capacity of adjusting the laws on businesses as they deem right, there is likelihood that the policies that they will formulate do not match or support the accounting standards available (.Ball, Ray,2006). What this means is that there will be a lot of pressure on the accounting standards in terms of trying to ensure that the politician-owned businesses adhere to the reporting standards.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The other way through which politics may put pressure on the various accounting standards listed and discussed above is through the selection of the board members to the FASB (Armstrong, et al 2010). Politicians using their powers on formulation of policies may be inclined to have people in the board that will take care of their personal interest by formulating standards which are not supportive of all businesses equally. This means that whenever there are new standards to be introduced which can be beneficial to the whole business world, the politicians will always influence the final decisions that the board will make pertaining to the new accounting standards (Aboody, et a l 2004).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The other issue which is part of the political pressure and interference with the standards is that of political incentives, whichthe major reason for the reclassification of the accounting standards. It is to be noted that the growth of country’seconomy is important but in case where the growth does not reflect the true economic situation, the information shown does not indicate the true and fair values of economy (Aboody, et a l 2004). The same case applies to banks which hold government equity and using the reclassified standards will not show the true and fair value. Therefore, when politicians offer incentives to the board members through corrupt ways and with intentions of promoting their interests, the pressure on the standards continue to mount hence prevents the proper application of the standards.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Therefore, in conclusion on the effects of politics and politicians on the formulation and application of the financial accounting standards, it can be noted that there is need to prevent political interference on the FASB as well as other regulatory bodies which formulate the standards. The accounting standards are quite important in ensuring proper and accurate information which can be relied upon is produced and reported by companies and organizations. References Aboody, D., M. E. Barth, and R. Kasznik. 2004. Firms’ voluntary recognition of stockbasedCompensation expense. Journal of Accounting Research 42: 123-160. Armstrong, Christopher S./Barth, Mary E./Jagolinzer, Alan D./Riedl, Edward J. (2010). Market Reaction to the Adoption of IFRS in Europe.The Accounting Review, Vol. 85, No. 1, pp.31–61. Ball, Ray (2006). International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS): pros and cons for investors. Accounting and Business Research, Vol. 36, Special Issue, pp. 5–27. Source document

Free Essays on Gonoreha

Gonorrhea Gonorrhea, also called â€Å"the clap,† is the most commonly reported sexually transmitted disease in the United States, with 1.5 million cases occurring per year. Ninety percent of infections occur in people under 30, with 15-19 year olds reporting the highest infection rates. Gonorrhea is caused by the bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which infects the mucus membrane of the urethra and genital tract. It can be spread through sexual contact and condoms provide protection against the disease but its not 100 percent effective. An infected woman who is pregnant may give the infection to her infant as the baby passes through the birth canal during delivery. Approximately eighty percent of women and ten percent of men with gonorrhea show no symptoms. If symptoms to occur the happen 2-8 days after transmission. Symptoms experienced by men include a painful urination and a fluid discharge. Women may experience a discharge, painful urination, bleeding, or lower abdominal pain. Ampicillin, amoxicillin, or some type of penicillin used to be recommended for the treatment of gonorrhea. Regardless of what drug is prescribed, it is important that the patient take the full course of medication and that he or she return to the doctor's office or clinic for follow-up. All sex partners of a person with gonorrhea should be tested and treated appropriately even if they do not have symptoms of infection. If gonorrhea is not treated, the bacteria can spread to the bloodstream and infect the joints, heart valves, or the brain. The most common consequence of gonorrhea, however, is PID, a serious infection of the female reproductive organs, that occurs in an estimated 1 million American women each year. PID can scar or damage cells lining the fallopian tubes, resulting in infertility in as many as 10 percent of women affected. Because gonorrhea is highly contagious and yet may cause no symptoms, all men and women who have sexual... Free Essays on Gonoreha Free Essays on Gonoreha Gonorrhea Gonorrhea, also called â€Å"the clap,† is the most commonly reported sexually transmitted disease in the United States, with 1.5 million cases occurring per year. Ninety percent of infections occur in people under 30, with 15-19 year olds reporting the highest infection rates. Gonorrhea is caused by the bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which infects the mucus membrane of the urethra and genital tract. It can be spread through sexual contact and condoms provide protection against the disease but its not 100 percent effective. An infected woman who is pregnant may give the infection to her infant as the baby passes through the birth canal during delivery. Approximately eighty percent of women and ten percent of men with gonorrhea show no symptoms. If symptoms to occur the happen 2-8 days after transmission. Symptoms experienced by men include a painful urination and a fluid discharge. Women may experience a discharge, painful urination, bleeding, or lower abdominal pain. Ampicillin, amoxicillin, or some type of penicillin used to be recommended for the treatment of gonorrhea. Regardless of what drug is prescribed, it is important that the patient take the full course of medication and that he or she return to the doctor's office or clinic for follow-up. All sex partners of a person with gonorrhea should be tested and treated appropriately even if they do not have symptoms of infection. If gonorrhea is not treated, the bacteria can spread to the bloodstream and infect the joints, heart valves, or the brain. The most common consequence of gonorrhea, however, is PID, a serious infection of the female reproductive organs, that occurs in an estimated 1 million American women each year. PID can scar or damage cells lining the fallopian tubes, resulting in infertility in as many as 10 percent of women affected. Because gonorrhea is highly contagious and yet may cause no symptoms, all men and women who have sexual...

Distinction Between Murder and Execution essays

Distinction Between Murder and Execution essays Distinction between Murder and Execution I understand that there is a distinction between murder and state controlled execution, but I don't think that applies to the morality of both acts of murder and state controlled execution. Both have the same effect, the termination of life without consent. Although voluntary suicide for a prisoner on death row is much different because this is when somebody want their life taken from them, and this is when and individual is making a choice, which I don't believe a murderer should be given. Rather than randomly executing murderers or giving them the choice to die, I believe it would serve society better to try and eliminate the causes instead of reacting to crime itself? Two wrongs don't make a wright, and I believe that if society wants the murder rate to decrease, taking this route will produce more results than the death penalty. I believe Murder is wrong and there should be no exceptions. For example kidnapping and an arrest, some will say what's the difference, well both are taking someone somewhere against their will. I could be wrong but I think that people will say one is Wright and one is wrong. Back to murder and execution, like I said in the first paragraph, wouldn't it be better to try and eliminate the cause (murder) rather than reacting to crime itself? A personal view of mine is that man's nature is essentially bad. I'm not saying every man is bad or every man is good, as we are still part of the animal kingdom. Therefor like in the animal Kingdome I believe man's primitive urge is to survive, it seems like some people with psychological problems find logic in killing another person? I don't know much about the government? But it seems like throughout time laws have been designed as a reaction to mans actions. One of the things I believe about our society is that murder will always be here and the only way to suppress it is to make people think about the ...

Abortion survivors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Abortion survivors - Essay Example The feelings of guilt resulting from a failed abortion determine the likely hood of allowing the continuance of the pregnancy. The paper will address some of the issues that abortion survivors have had to go through. Life surpasses the right to becoming pregnant. Gianna Jessen failed an abortion attempt when the mother was seven and a half months pregnant. Following the failed attempt, Gianna Jessen was delivered and adopted by a caring family and is currently an activist against the abortion of unborn children (Jessen). Sarah Smith is another survivor who lost her twin brother following an abortion attempt. Both Sarah and Jessen have had a life that has directly affected the birth mothers who are haunted by the guilt for causing so much pain and grief to their children (Smith). The decision to abort Gianna was made because her mother was only seventeen years old during the pregnancy and the economic costs scared her. Sarah’s mother was also afraid of raising another child since she already had five children. The failed pregnancies resulted in two inspirational women who the world needs to inspire people by making better life decisions. The trauma associated with a failed abortion. Melissa Ohden was born following a failed saline infusion abortion. When she was born, the doctors had a notation that she was only around thirty-one weeks into her gestation. The doctors were concerned that her ability to survive was limited and if she did the quality of life she would experience would be full of uncertainties. Currently, Melisa has developed into a healthy woman who is always searching for answers on why the mother wanted to abort her. Melissa discovered that she was an abortion survivor from her adopting parents while she was fourteen and since then her life changed drastically. The psychological torture and the unanswered questions affect her in varying degrees (Ohden). Jessen expresses

The Role of the Courts in Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Role of the Courts in Education - Essay Example Three of the issues where the courts have successfully resolved the problems in the education arena are the teaching of religion in public schools, the racial integration issue and the issue regarding the education of handicapped or disabled persons. The first amendment under the Bill of Rights states that "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances." This is the basis when the Supreme Court ruled in 1962 that prayer as sanctioned by the public school system has no place education (Prayer and the Public Schools n.d., par. 3). It simply meant that the state must stay out of what is basically a matter of private belief and at the same time, it protects the rights of all students who have different religious beliefs. The group called Americans United for the Separation of Church and State states that the 1962 ruling has been misinterpreted by some sectors that it forbids religious activities inside schools (Prayer and the Public Schools n.d. par. 4).